Table 3.
Geometric mean urinary biomarker concentrations and 95% CI (creatinine adjusted) by hookah use status.
| Biomarkers of Exposure | Never Users of Tobacco Products (n = 1655) | % Above LOD | Exclusive, Established, Past 30-day Hookah User (n = 98) | % Above LOD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotinine (COTT) (µg/g) | N | 1644 | 98 | ||
| 0.42 (0.36, 0.48) | 98.8% | 5.45 ^ (2.81, 10.58) | 100.0% | ||
| N | 1633 | 97 | |||
| Total Nicotine Equivalents (TNE-2) (µmol/g) | 0.006 (0.005, 0.007) | - | 0.09 ^ (0.04, 0.17) | - | |
| N | 1653 | 98 | |||
| 4-methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) (ng/g) | 0.92 ^ (0.82, 1.04) | 50.7% | 2.21 (1.59, 3.08) | 83.5% | |
| N | 1655 | 98 | |||
| 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU) (ng/g) | 63.98 (60.32, 67.86) | 99.2% | 74.22 (60.65, 90.82) | 100.0% | |
| N | 1655 | 98 | |||
| 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) (ng/g) | 128.14 (120.67, 136.07) | 85.2% | 148.30 (126.43, 173.94) | 92.3% | |
| N | 1652 | 98 | |||
| Cadmium (UCD) (ng/g) | 148.77 (139.59, 158.55) | 93.4% | 70.23 (60.29, 81.80) | 82.2% | |
| N | 1653 | 98 | |||
| Lead (UPB) (ng/g) | 351.14 (330.28, 373.31) | 99.9% | 271.85 (226.73, 325.96) | 100.0% | |
| N | 1653 | 98 | |||
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA) (µg/g) | 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) | 84.9% | 2.80 (1.98, 3.98) | 96.0% | |
| N | N | 1653 | 97 | ||
| N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-Lcysteine (HPMA) (µg/g) | 262.06 (247.45,277.54) | 99.6% | 257.82 (216.17, 307.49) | 100.0% | |
Frequencies are not weighted; weighted geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses) calculated by exp (mean of log transformed (biomarker value/creatinine value)). Total Nicotine Equivalents (TNE-2) calculated by taking molar of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine and cotinine divided by urinary creatinine. ^ Estimate should be interpreted with caution because of low reliability. It is based on a sample size of less than 50, or the coefficient of variation is greater than 30%, or the proportion of results below the limit of detection (LOD) is greater than 40%.