Table 4.
Adjusted geometric mean ratios for urinary biomarkers of exposure by hookah use status vs. no tobacco use.
| Biomarker | Exclusive, Established, Past 30-Day Hookah User (n = 98) | Never Users of Tobacco Products (n = 1655) (Ref) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95% CI | ||||
| Geometric Mean Ratio | Lower | Upper | ||
| Total Nicotine Equivalents (TNE-2) | 11.63 ^ | 5.49 | 24.68 | 1.00 |
| Cotinine (COTT) | 10.57 ^ | 4.94 | 22.61 | 1.00 |
| 4-methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) | 2.29 | 1.52 | 3.46 | 1.00 |
| 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU) | 1.28 | 1.01 | 1.63 | 1.00 |
| 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) | 1.33 | 1.09 | 1.63 | 1.00 |
| Cadmium (UCD) | 0.93 | 0.76 | 1.14 | 1.00 |
| Lead (UPB) | 1.19 | 0.99 | 1.43 | 1.00 |
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA) | 1.81 | 1.17 | 2.81 | 1.00 |
| N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (HPMA) | 1.09 | 0.89 | 1.33 | 1.00 |
Analyses are weighted and models are adjusted for transformed creatinine level (g/mL), age, sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment, past 30-day marijuana use and level of SHS exposure. ^ Estimate should be interpreted with caution because of low reliability. It is based on a sample size of less than 50, or the coefficient of variation is greater than 30%, or the proportion of results below the limit of detection (LOD) is greater than 40%.