Table 4.

Randomized controlled trials and open trials of omega-3 PUFAs on self-harm behaviors.

Study (Year) [Ref.]	Interventional Arm(s)	Comparison Arm(s)	Sample	Treatment Duration	Results
Hallahan et al., 2007 [134]	EPA (1.2 g/day) + DHA (0.9 g/day)	Placebo	49 patients with self-harm behaviors (35 BPD)	12 weeks	Improvement of self-harm behaviors, suicidality, and reaction to daily stress
Bellino et al., 2014 [153]	EPA (1.2 g/day) + DHA (0.8 g/day) + valproate (800–1300 mg/day)	Valproate (800–1300 mg/day)	43 BPD outpatients	12 weeks	No differences with regard to global symptoms. Improvement of impulsivity, anger and self-mutilating conducts in omega-3 group
Marriott et al., 2016 [160]	3300 mg of n-3 PUFAs/day with 1650 mg EPA plus 1650 mg DHA per day	Placebo	40 United States (U.S.) military Veterans and non-Veterans ages 18–90 years with suicide risk	6 months	↓ suicidal behaviors
Gallagher et al., 2017 [165]	n-3 PUFAs including EPA or DHA	Placebo	40 individuals who self-harmed and 40 controls	10 years	↓ self-harm, ↓depressive symptoms and ↓ impulsivity