Table 3.
Free amino acid and crude protein contents (mg/g dw) in mushrooms of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii and P. nebrodensis produced on three cultivation substrates.
| Amino Acid | Substrate | P. ostreatus | P. eryngii | P. nebrodensis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LGAM 14 | LGAM 11 | UPA 12 | LGAM 212 | UPA 6 | LGAM 162 | ||
| Alanine | WS | 7.22 ± 1.10 a | 9.77 ± 2.29 a | 4.74 ± 0.32 a | 7.27 ± 1.08 a | 2.82 ± 0.19 a | 7.20 ± 1.47 |
| GM | 10.34 ± 2.31 ab | 13.33 ± 2.71 a | 8.26 ± 1.11 b | 8.54 ± 1.60 a | 4.27 ± 0.69 a | 7.53 ± 3.49 | |
| OL | 11.72 ± 2.69 b | 10.42 ± 3.83 a | 4.74 ± 1.99 a | 7.61 ± 1.34 a | 4.08 ± 1.04 a | * | |
| Glycine | WS | 1.03 ± 0.05 a | 1.94 ± 0.97 a | 1.03 ± 0.10 a | 1.21 ± 0.56 a | 0.29 ± 0.04 a | 1.51 ± 0.17 |
| GM | 1.85 ± 0.20 a | 2.99 ± 0.35 a | 1.88 ± 0.18 b | 1.65 ± 0.11 a | 0.73 ± 0.19 b | 1.61 ± 0.55 | |
| OL | 3.29 ± 1.13 b | 2.12 ± 0.82 a | 0.98 ± 0.41 a | 1.45 ± 0.10 a | 0.50 ± 0.06 ab | * | |
| Valine | WS | 4.24 ± 0.34 a | 6.94 ± 2.08 a | 3.24 ± 0.12 a | 4.81 ± 1.12 a | 1.05 ± 0.14 a | 3.97 ± 0.61 |
| GM | 6.94 ± 0.84 ab | 9.49 ± 1.05 a | 5.26 ± 0.56 b | 6.24 ± 0.53 a | 1.76 ± 0.80 a | 3.98 ± 1.54 | |
| OL | 8.44 ± 2.19 b | 7.13 ± 2.01 a | 3.35 ± 1.25 a | 5.59 ± 0.83 a | 1.56 ± 0.26 a | * | |
| Leucine | WS | 8.59 ± 1.32 a | 12.24 ± 3.27 a | 5.11 ± 0.50 a | 8.88 ± 1.81 a | 2.24 ± 0.15 a | 8.29 ± 1.89 |
| GM | 12.31 ± 2.50 a | 16.45 ± 2.33 a | 8.81 ± 1.11 a | 11.24 ± 1.51 a | 4.51 ± 1.22 b | 7.81 ± 3.37 | |
| OL | 9.66 ± 8.19 a | 9.95 ± 6.70 a | 7.30 ± 3.07 a | 10.10 ± 1.84 a | 4.34 ± 1.10 b | * | |
| Isoleucine | WS | 2.80 ± 0.29 a | 4.13 ± 0.96 a | 2.15 ± 0.06 a | 3.15 ± 0.77 a | 0.67 ± 0.03 a | 2.81 ± 0.53 |
| GM | 4.35 ± 0.66 ab | 5.79 ± 0.81 a | 3.40 ± 0.33 a | 4.13 ± 0.28 a | 1.25 ± 0.54 a | 2.70 ± 1.07 | |
| OL | 5.09 ± 1.21 b | 4.38 ± 1.29 a | 2.32 ± 0.92 a | 3.62 ± 0.48 a | 1.09 ± 0.24 a | * | |
| Threonine | WS | 2.29 ± 0.13 a | 3.96 ± 1.56 a | 1.93 ± 0.06 a | 2.85 ± 0.87 a | 0.61 ± 0.06 a | 2.45 ± 0.31 |
| GM | 3.83 ± 0.40 ab | 5.65 ± 0.65 a | 3.31 ± 0.26 b | 3.68 ± 0.00 a | 1.17 ± 0.44 a | 2.47 ± 0.93 | |
| OL | 5.23 ± 1.27 b | 4.19 ± 1.08 a | 1.93 ± 0.77 a | 3.22 ± 0.33 a | 1.02 ± 0.20 a | * | |
| Serine | WS | 3.93 ± 0.14 a | 6.17 ± 2.57 a | 3.30 ± 0.24 a | 4.81 ± 1.62 a | 0.91 ± 0.21 a | 4.17 ± 0.31 |
| GM | 6.38 ± 0.50 b | 8.81 ± 0.32 a | 5.77 ± 0.64 b | 5.97 ± 0.37 a | 2.13 ± 0.60 b | 4.19 ± 1.37 | |
| OL | 8.83 ± 1.29 c | 6.95 ± 1.81 a | 3.34 ± 1.29 a | 5.11 ± 0.35 a | 1.84 ± 0.24 b | * | |
| Proline | WS | 1.21 ± 0.06 a | 2.30 ± 1.22 a | 1.04 ± 0.09 a | 1.22 ± 0.57 a | 0.55 ± 0.06 a | 1.37 ± 0.15 |
| GM | 2.19 ± 0.25 a | 3.77 ± 0.47 a | 2.00 ± 0.26 b | 1.67 ± 0.02 a | 0.43 ± 0.20 a | 1.35 ± 0.44 | |
| OL | 4.22 ± 1.59 b | 2.69 ± 1.37 a | 0.88 ± 0.31 a | 1.57 ± 0.23 a | 0.37 ± 0.06 a | * | |
| Asparagine | WS | 1.75 ± 0.10 a | 2.82 ± 1.55 a | 1.18 ± 0.06 a | 1.77 ± 0.65 a | 0.40 ± 0.05 a | 1.63 ± 0.14 |
| GM | 3.02 ± 0.35 b | 4.52 ± 0.68 a | 2.19 ± 0.23 b | 2.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.74 ± 0.24 b | 1.57 ± 0.52 | |
| OL | 4.39 ± 1.03 c | 3.25 ± 1.25 a | 1.22 ± 0.49 a | 1.95 ± 0.20 a | 0.70 ± 0.10 ab | * | |
| Thioproline | WS | 2.48 ± 0.24 a | 2.10 ± 0.38 a | 0.82 ± 0.43 a | 0.59 ± 0.44 a | 0.71 ± 0.27 a | 0.75 ± 0.11 |
| GM | 3.57 ± 0.75 a | 2.93 ± 0.93 a | 0.93 ± 0.30 a | 1.12 ± 0.03 a | 2.69 ± 0.30 b | 1.60 ± 0.80 | |
| OL | 3.31 ± 0.84 a | 3.17 ± 2.14 a | 1.17 ± 0.78 a | 1.02 ± 0.78 a | 1.97 ± 0.46 c | * | |
| Aspartic acid | WS | 2.51 ± 0.09 a | 2.20 ± 0.03 a | 0.98 ± 0.26 a | 0.81 ± 0.57 a | 0.76 ± 0.19 a | 0.81 ± 0.10 |
| GM | 3.51 ± 0.48 b | 2.65 ± 0.80 a | 1.14 ± 0.28 a | 1.06 ± 0.12 a | 2.59 ± 0.40 b | 1.69 ± 0.62 | |
| OL | 3.55 ± 0.62 b | 3.32 ± 2.12 a | 1.22 ± 0.69 a | 1.27 ± 0.85 a | 1.94 ± 0.52 b | * | |
| Methionine | WS | 1.14 ± 0.12 a | 1.86 ± 0.68 a | 0.66 ± 0.21 a | 1.36 ± 0.31 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 1.31 ± 0.23 |
| GM | 1.66 ± 0.21 ab | 2.47 ± 0.14 a | 1.08 ± 0.04 a | 1.62 ± 0.08 a | 0.58 ± 0.19 b | 1.15 ± 0.42 | |
| OL | 2.10 ± 0.57 b | 1.93 ± 0.42 a | 0.90 ± 0.31 a | 1.50 ± 0.23 a | 0.51 ± 0.10 b | * | |
| Hydroxyproline | WS | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | 0.48 ± 0.15 a | 0.22 ± 0.08 a | 0.40 ± 0.09 a | 0.11 ± 0.10 a | 0.34 ± 0.02 |
| GM | 0.60 ± 0.09 b | 0.71 ± 0.12 a | 0.44 ± 0.08 b | 0.44 ± 0.04 a | 0.25 ± 0.08 a | 0.36 ± 0.09 | |
| OL | 0.66 ± 0.11 b | 0.58 ± 0.13 a | 0.25 ± 0.07 a | 0.38 ± 0.05 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 a | * | |
| Glutamic acid | WS | 4.81 ± 0.92 a | 5.68 ± 1.19 a | 3.22 ± 0.48 a | 4.92 ± 0.63 a | 2.07 ± 0.09 a | 4.42 ± 1.21 |
| GM | 6.76 ± 2.08 a | 7.84 ± 2.44 a | 5.29 ± 0.70 b | 5.73 ± 1.35 a | 3.58 ± 0.62 a | 4.59 ± 2.15 | |
| OL | 7.39 ± 2.32 a | 6.76 ± 2.55 a | 3.60 ± 1.47 ab | 4.77 ± 0.81 a | 3.46 ± 1.18 a | * | |
| Phenylalanine | WS | 2.95 ± 0.24 a | 4.30 ± 1.51 a | 1.71 ± 0.20 a | 2.94 ± 0.71 a | 0.97 ± 0.03 a | 3.05 ± 0.54 |
| GM | 4.14 ± 0.55 ab | 6.01 ± 0.11 a | 2.91 ± 0.19 b | 3.57 ± 0.01 a | 1.74 ± 0.41 b | 2.81 ± 1.10 | |
| OL | 5.33 ± 1.16 b | 4.68 ± 1.45 a | 2.27 ± 0.83 ab | 3.31 ± 0.57 a | 1.98 ± 0.47 b | * | |
| Glutamine | WS | 7.80 ± 0.69 a | 10.04 ± 6.97 a | 3.35 ± 0.82 a | 7.19 ± 0.87 a | 0.84 ± 0.61 a | 7.02 ± 0.69 |
| GM | 14.08 ± 2.32 b | 21.69 ± 6.93 a | 8.28 ± 1.61 b | 7.52 ± 1.04 a | 4.22 ± 0.69 b | 6.99 ± 1.17 | |
| OL | 20.03 ± 1.09 c | 13.06 ± 8.46 a | 4.66 ± 2.40 a | 6.96 ± 1.74 a | 6.42 ± 1.23 c | * | |
| Ornithine | WS | 0.65 ± 0.08 a | 0.63 ± 0.24 a | 0.65 ± 0.04 b | 0.36 ± 0.08 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 1.51 ± 0.29 |
| GM | 0.93 ± 0.15 b | 0.90 ± 0.25 a | 0.82 ± 0.09 b | 0.50 ± 0.19 a | 0.76 ± 0.08 b | 1.63 ± 0.67 | |
| OL | 1.10 ± 0.14 b | 0.56 ± 0.28 a | 0.31 ± 0.14 a | 0.43 ± 0.09 a | 0.32 ± 0.12 a | * | |
| Lysine | WS | 2.47 ± 0.27 a | 3.23 ± 0.83 a | 1.83 ± 0.09 a | 2.77 ± 0.32 a | 0.53 ± 0.03 a | 2.79 ± 0.49 |
| GM | 3.33 ± 0.78 a | 4.29 ± 0.67 a | 2.77 ± 0.41 a | 3.42 ± 0.45 a | 1.36 ± 0.44 b | 2.61 ± 1.02 | |
| OL | 4.20 ± 1.30 a | 3.59 ± 1.10 a | 2.21 ± 1.02 a | 2.96 ± 0.51 a | 1.44 ± 0.30 b | * | |
| Histidine | WS | 0.88 ± 0.17 a | 1.67 ± 1.24 a | 0.52 ± 0.07 a | 0.88 ± 0.50 a | 0.10 ± 0.05 a | 0.98 ± 0.21 |
| GM | 1.63 ± 0.27 ab | 2.59 ± 0.57 a | 1.14 ± 0.26 b | 1.14 ± 0.33 a | 0.32 ± 0.21 a | 0.86 ± 0.21 | |
| OL | 2.46 ± 1.03 b | 1.66 ± 0.66 a | 0.63 ± 0.20 a | 1.04 ± 0.30 a | 0.33 ± 0.06 a | * | |
| Tyrosine | WS | 2.66 ± 0.08 a | 4.25 ± 1.73 a | 1.54 ± 0.12 a | 2.59 ± 0.62 a | 0.95 ± 0.13 a | 3.05 ± 0.46 |
| GM | 3.99 ± 0.44 ab | 5.93 ± 0.33 a | 2.67 ± 0.24 b | 3.18 ± 0.23 a | 1.70 ± 0.42 b | 2.81 ± 1.04 | |
| OL | 4.96 ± 1.08 b | 4.34 ± 1.42 a | 1.95 ± 0.70 ab | 3.11 ± 0.54 a | 1.40 ± 0.23 ab | * | |
| Tryptophan | WS | 1.07 ± 0.12 a | 0.81 ± 0.71 a | 0.59 ± 0.15 a | 1.22 ± 0.68 a | 0.18 ± 0.04 a | 1.16 ± 0.34 |
| GM | 1.80 ± 0.33 a | 1.76 ± 0.00 a | 1.14 ± 0.09 b | 0.55 ± 0.78 a | 0.43 ± 0.14 b | 1.01 ± 0.33 | |
| OL | 1.70 ± 0.00 a | 1.44 ± 0.22 a | 0.76 ± 0.28 a | 0.76 ± 0.66 a | 0.42 ± 0.09 b | * | |
| γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) | WS | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.20 a | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.18 ± 0.13 a | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | 0.56 ± 0.26 |
| GM | 0.43 ± 0.21 a | 0.70 ± 0.41 a | 0.38 ± 0.12 b | 0.18 ± 0.03 a | 0.18 ± 0.05 a | 0.86 ± 0.37 | |
| OL | 0.46 ± 0.21 a | 0.35 ± 0.21 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.23 ± 0.08 a | 0.36 ± 0.12 b | * | |
| Total free amino acids | WS | 63.10 ± 4.22 a | 87.84 ± 29.53 a | 62.19 ± 13.43 a | 39.91 ± 1.58 a | 17.37 ± 1.48 a | 61.18 ± 9.42 |
| GM | 97.03 ± 14.44 b | 130.12 ± 17.16 a | 75.44 ± 4.42 a | 69.86 ± 5.81 b | 37.42 ± 7.09 b | 62.16 ± 22.76 | |
| OL | 116.98 ± 19.46 b | 96.05 ± 31.79 a | 67.89 ± 8.88 a | 46.03 ± 19.17 a | 36.30 ± 7.68 b | * | |
| Crude protein | WS | 164.07 ± 1.65 a | 177.36 ± 3.55 a | 154.63 ± 9.25 a | 144.70 ± 2.90 b | 121.10 ± 1.20 a | 175.20 ± 5.26 |
| GM | 221.18 ± 11.05 b | 284.77 ± 2.85 b | 187.83 ± 1.85 b | 179.60 ± 5.40 c | 175.23 ± 8.73 b | 172.24 ± 10.33 | |
| OL | 293.20 ± 17.60 c | 299.20 ± 9.00 c | 167.23 ± 8.35 a | 130.77 ± 7.84 a | 130.50 ± 5.20 a | * | |
* Results are presented as means ± standard deviation (n = 3). Lack of letters in common indicates statistically significant differences (Duncan’s t-Test. p < 0.05) in comparisons of treatment means between different substrates. Abbreviations: dw, dry weight; WS, wheat straw; GM, wheat straw with grape marc (1:1 w/w); OL, olive leaves with olive mill wastes (3:1 w/w ratio); *, no mushroom production.