Table 1.

Overview of Methodological Aspects and Outcomes of Experimental Studies Showing Net Synaptic Weakening in Sleep

Species	Sex	Age	Brain region studied	Sleep deprivation method	Result following sleep deprivation	Refs
Rat	Male and female	11–12 weeks	Barrel and frontal cortex	Novel objects Tapping on cage	Increased firing rate, which reversed during recovery sleep	[2]
Rat	Male and female	11–12 weeks	Whole neocortex	Novel objects	Increased phosphorylation and protein levels of AMPARs Elevated phosphorylation levels of CaMKII, GSK3beta	[3]
Mouse	Not defined	8–10 weeks	Hippocampus	Novel cage Tapping on cage Disturbing bedding	Increased phosphorylation and protein levels of AMPAR subunits driven by homer1a	[4]
Mouse	Male and female	~4 weeks	M1 and S1	Novel objects Running wheel Tapping on cage	Increased axon-spine interface and elevated spine head volume in weaker, more plastic spines	[5]
Mouse	Male and female	4 weeks	Hippocampus	Novel objects Tapping on cage	Increased axon-spine interface Increase in non-perforated spines	[6]
Mouse	Not defined	23–44 days	Barrel cortex	Novel objects Running wheel	Net increase in cortical spines	[7]
Mouse	Male and female	2 weeks	M1	Forced locomotion	Increased axon-spine interface	[43]