Table 2.

Overview of Methodological Aspects and Outcomes of Experimental Studies Showing Net Weakening during Wake

Species	Sex	Age	Brain region studied	Sleep deprivation method	Result following sleep deprivation	Refs
Mouse	Male	2–6 months	V1	Gentle handling (in darkness)	Disruption of orientation-selective potentiation of firing responses after visual experience	[8,9]
Cat	Male/female	28–42 days	V1	Gentle handling, novel objects, play, forced locomotion (in darkness)	Reduced phosphorylation of GluR1, CaMK2a, and potentiation of visual responses	[11]
Cat	Male/female	28–42 days	V1	As above	Reduced Arc expression	[15]
Mouse	Male	8–12 weeks	Hippocampus	Gentle handling	Impaired L-LTP Increased cofilin activity Spine loss in CA1 Recovery sleep reverses CA1 spine loss	[18]
Mouse	Male	8–12 weeks	Hippocampus	Gentle handling	Impaired protein synthesis Attenuated mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of 4EBP2	[19]
Mouse	Male	8–12 weeks	Hippocampus	Gentle handling	Impaired long-lasting forms of LTP that depend on cAMP Decreased pCREB levels Increased PDE4A5 protein levels	[21]
Mouse	Male	12–14 weeks	Hippocampus	Gentle handling	Reduced Arc mRNA and protein expression in DG, no change in protein in CA1/3	[22]
Mouse	Male/female	4 weeks	M1	Gentle handling	Reduced dendritic spine formation	[24]
Mouse	Male	8–12 weeks	Hippocampus	Gentle handling	Spine loss in DG	[26]