Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Probands With and Without Negative Symptoms
| NS | Non-NS | Statistic | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 322) | (N = 515) | |||||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 35.6 | (12.4) | 36.7 | (12.6) | F 1,835 = 1.8 | .18 |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 156 | (48.4 %) | 260 | (50.4 %) | χ 2 = 0.25 | .62 |
| Race, N (%) | ||||||
| Caucasian | 169 | (52.5 %) | 326 | (63.3 %) | χ 2 = 9.59 | .002 |
| African American | 137 | (42.5 %) | 183 | (35.5 %) | χ 2 = 3.83 | .050 |
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 13.0 | (2.3) | 13.5 | (2.4) | F 1,833 = 11.1 | .001 |
| Hollingshead score | 51.5 | (14.7) | 56.9 | (15.1) | F 1,779 = 17.6 | < .001 |
| Hollingshead score, maternal | 42.5 | (17.3) | 41.2 | (17.0) | F 1,704 = 0.96 | .33 |
| Hollingshead score, paternal | 39.2 | (18.7) | 37.6 | (17.8) | F 1,612 = 1.10 | .29 |
| Age of illness onset | 20.0 | (8.1) | 20.4 | (8.7) | F 1,804 = 0.30 | .59 |
| Illness duration, years | 15.5 | (12.1) | 16.4 | (12.4) | F 1,804 = 1.09 | .30 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 6.1 | (7.0) | 5.7 | (7.1) | F 1,667 = 0.69 | .41 |
| At least one suicide attempt | 139 | (43.8 %) | 193 | (38.0 %) | χ 2 = 4.27 | .12 |
| Lifetime ECT | 23 | (7.3 %) | 19 | (3.7 %) | χ 2 = 5.09 | .04 |
| Psychosis Subgroups, N (%) | ||||||
| Schizophrenia | 167 | (48.8 %) | 175 | (51.2 %) | χ 2 = 0.19 | .67 |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 93 | (42.1 %) | 118 | (57.9 %) | χ 2 = 2.96 | .09 |
| Bipolar I w/psychosis | 62 | (21.8 %) | 222 | (78.2 %) | χ 2 = 90.14 | < .001 |
| Biotype-1a | 91 | (46.9 %) | 103 | (53.1 %) | χ 2 = 0.74 | .39 |
| Biotype-2 | 92 | (40.7 %) | 134 | (59.3 %) | χ 2 = 7.81 | .005 |
| Biotype-3 | 90 | (32.8 %) | 184 | (47.2 %) | χ 2 = 32.25 | < .001 |
| Clinical Characteristics, Mean (SD) | ||||||
| GAF | 47.7 | (11.7) | 56.6 | (13.4) | F 1,833 = 96.4 | < .001 |
| Birchwood SFS | 114.9 | (25.7) | 130.7 | (23.4) | F 1,665 = 66.8 | < .001 |
| PANSS-Positive | 17.3 | (6.1) | 14.9 | (5.2) | F 1,834 = 36.7 | < .001 |
| PANSS-Negative | 19.5 | (5.2) | 12.0 | (3.4) | F 1,835 = 638.8 | < .001 |
| PANSS-General | 35.8 | (9.2) | 29.4 | (8.0) | F 1,834 = 111.4 | < .001 |
| MADRS | 14.11 | (10.9) | 8.5 | (7.8) | F 1,814 = 74.0 | < .001 |
| Young Mania Rating Scale | 7.0 | (7.0) | 5.9 | (6.1) | F 1,808 = 5.7 | .02 |
| WRAT-4 IQ | 96.0 | (15.6) | 98.2 | (14.8) | F 1,815 = 4.2 | .04 |
| PANSS Negative Symptom Factor items | ||||||
| N1. Blunted affect | 3.3 | (1.5) | 1.7 | (0.8) | F 1,835 = 413.5 | < .001 |
| N2. Emotional withdrawal | 3.0 | (1.2) | 1.7 | (0.8) | F 1,835 = 358.7 | < .001 |
| N3. Poor rapport | 2.5 | (1.3) | 1.4 | (0.6) | F 1,835 = 208.6 | < .001 |
| N4. Passive/apathetic social withdrawal | 3.3 | (1.4) | 1.8 | (0.8) | F 1,835 = 447.1 | < .001 |
| N6. Lack of spontaneity | 2.6 | (1.4) | 1.5 | (0.7) | F 1,835 = 244.8 | < .001 |
| G7. Motor retardation | 2.2 | (1.1) | 1.3 | (0.6) | F 1,835 = 214.9 | < .001 |
| G16. Active social withdrawal | 2.9 | (1.4) | 1.8 | (0.8) | F 1,835 = 242.3 | < .001 |
| Concomitant Medications, N (%) | ||||||
| Any psychotropic medication | 297 | (92.2 %) | 479 | (93.0 %) | χ 2 = 0.18 | .91 |
| Antipsychotics (any) | 272 | (84.4 %) | 411 | (79.8 %) | χ 2 = 3.27 | .20 |
| Antipsychotics, first generation | 41 | (12.7 %) | 39 | (7.6 %) | χ 2 = 6.20 | .05 |
| Antipsychotics, second generation | 230 | (71.4 %) | 372 | (72.2 %) | χ 2 = 0.17 | .97 |
| Mood stabilizers (any) | 117 | (36.3 %) | 256 | (49.7 %) | χ 2 = 14.46 | .001 |
| Antidepressants (any) | 150 | (46.6 %) | 222 | (43.1 %) | χ 2 = 1.03 | .60 |
| Sedatives/anxiolytics | 85 | (26.4 %) | 146 | (28.3 %) | χ 2 = 0.38 | .83 |
| Stimulants | 17 | (5.3 %) | 39 | (7.6 %) | χ 2 = 1.67 | .43 |
| Anticholinergics | 48 | (14.9 %) | 64 | (12.4 %) | χ 2 = 1.08 | .58 |
aOf the 837 probands with complete PANSS Negative data, only 694 had Biotype designations due to biomarker data requirements for the Biotype classification process. These individuals overlapped completely.