Table 2.
Rat models of amyloid-beta pathology in Alzheimer’s disease.
| Animal model | Model background | Transgene | Amyloid pathology | Other pathology | Behavioral test | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tg2576 | C57BL/6 | Human APP695 (Swedish) | Aβ plaques at 10-12 months,oligomeric Aβ generation | Synaptic loss at 15-18 months. | Behavioral impairment in novel object recognition at 12-15 months, Morris water maze at 6 months and Y maze at 10 months. | [55, 123, 237] |
| TgAPP23 | C57BL/6J | Human APP751 (Swedish) | Aβ plaques at 6 months | Increased level of phospho-tau at 6 months, phospho-tau deposition surrounding plaques at 12 months, neuronal loss in area of CA1 at 14-18 months. | Behavioral impairment in novel object recognition at 3-4 months, Morris water maze at 3 months. | [56, 238, 239] |
| PDAPP | Swiss Webster × B6D2F1 | Human APP (Indiana) | Aβ plaques at 6-9 months | Synaptic loss. | Behavioral impairment in novel object recognition at 6 months, Morris water maze at 3 months. | [54, 240] |
| J20 | C57BL/6 × DBA/2 F2 | Human APP (Swedish and Indiana) | Diffuse amyloid deposits at 5-6 months and larger neuritic plaques at 9 months | Phospho-neurofilaments. | Behavioral impairment in novel object recognition at 4 months, Morris water maze at 6-9 months. | [53, 68, 241, 242] |
| TgCRND8 | C3H/He × C57BL/6 | Human APP695 (Swedish and Indiana) | Aβ plaques at 3 months,dense core plaques at 5 months, spreading to the cerebellum and brainstem by 8-9 months | Astrocytic gliosis and microglial activation in regions around plaques. | Behavioral impairment in novel object recognition at 3-5 months, Morris water maze at 3 months. | [67, 69, 243] |
| AppNL-F | C57BL/6 | Human APP (Swedish and Iberian) | Aβ plaque at 6 months | Synaptic loss, microgliosis and astrocytosis | Behavioral impairment in Y-maze at 18 months, no impairment in Morris water maze at 18 months | [76] |
| 5XFAD | Tg6799×Tg7031 ×Tg7092 | Human APP (Swedish, Florida, London); Human PS1 (M146L, L286V) | Intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation at 1.5 months, amyloid deposition, gliosis, at 2 months | Significant neurodegeneration and neuronal loss. | Behavioral impairment in Y-maze at 4-5 months, decreased Interest in social-related behaviors at 3-12 months. Morris water maze at 4 months. | [81, 244, 245] |
| APP23 x PS1-R278I | C57BL/6J | Human APP23 (Swedish K651N, M652L); Human PS1 (R278I) | Aβ plaque at 6 months | Astrocytosis. | Behavioral impairment in Y-maze at 3-4 months; no significant impairment in Morris water maze | [82] |
| TREM2-BAC x 5XFAD | TREM2-BAC: FVB/NJ; 5XFAD: C57BL/6X SJL |
Human APP (Swedish, Florida, London); Human PS1 (M146L, L286V) | less cortical amyloid plaque at 7 months compared to 5XFAD mice | Enhanced process ramification and phagocytic marker expression in plaque-associated microglia; improved dystrophic neurites. | No cognitive impairment in contextual fear conditioning test. | [85] |
| 3xTg-AD | C57BL6/129SvJ | Human APP (Swedish); Human PS1 (M146V); Human Tau (P301L) | Aβ plaque at 6 months | synaptic dysfunction and increased microglia activation at 6 months; Tau alteration at 12-15 months | Retention deficits in Morris water maze and contextual fear memory | [87-89] |