Table 2.

Pharmacological agents potentially stimulate autophagy/mitophagy.

Agents	Study model	Effect	Refs
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)	animal model	stimulate autophagy	[139]
rapamycin	AD mouse	reduce Aβ pathology	[45]
spermidine	human and yeast cells; nematodes	induce autophagy independent of SIRT1	[140]
urolithin A	C. elegans; mouse	induce mitophagy, prolong lifespan; increase muscle function	[141]
antibiotic	the mt-Keima mouse	provide a method to analyze mitophagy alterations	[81]
2-deoxyglucose	AD female mouse	stimulate ketogenesis and induce mild bioenergetic stress; enhance mitochondrial function; stimulate autophagy and clearance of Aβ	[142-149]
nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)	Mouse model of fatty liver disease; AD mouse	increase NAD+ pool	[150-154]
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR)	myopathy mouse	activates AMPK to acts on PGC-1	[155-157]
actinonin	Caenorhabditis elegans	reverse memory impairment	[77]
mdivi1	excitotoxic mouse	enhance DRP1 activity	[158-164]