Table 1. Baseline characteristics associated with lower urinary tract infection episodes in primary care, comparing episodes with and without immediate (same day) antibiotic prescribing.
| All | Immediate prescribing | No immediate prescription | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | N (%)/median [IQR] | N (%)/median [IQR] | N (%)/median [IQR] | p-value |
| Total | 280,462 (100.0) | 244,963 (87.3) | 35,499 (12.7) | |
| Age (continuous)* | 77.3 [71.1–83.9] | 77.3 [71.1–83.8]] | 77.8 [71.3–84.7] | <0.001 |
|
Age (categorical) 65–74 |
113,332 (40.4) | 99,511 (40.6) | 13,821 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| 75–84 | 106,900 (38.1) | 93,714 (38.3) | 13,186 (37.1) | |
| ≥85 | 60,230 (21.5) | 51,738 (21.1) | 8,492 (23.9) | |
| Female | 217,425 (77.5) | 196,459 (80.2) | 20,966 (59.1) | <0.001 |
|
IMD Q1 (least deprived) |
69,516 (24.8) | 60,482 (24.7) | 9,034 (25.4) | 0.005 |
| Q2 | 68,320 (24.4) | 59,654 (24.4) | 8,666 (24.4) | |
| Q3 | 62,324 (22.2) | 54,607 (22.3) | 7,717 (21.7) | |
| Q4 | 46,119 (16.4) | 40,404 (16.5) | 5,715 (16.1) | |
| Q5 (most deprived) | 34,183 (12.2) | 29,816 (12.2) | 4,367 (12.3) | |
|
Region South of England |
116,148 (41.4) | 100,785 (41.1) | 15,363 (43.3) | <0.001 |
| London | 27,066 (9.7) | 23,443 (9.6) | 3,623 (10.2) | |
| Midlands and east of England | 79,274 (28.3) | 69,271 (28.3) | 10,003 (28.2) | |
| North of England and Yorkshire | 57,974 (20.7) | 51,464 (21.0) | 6,510 (18.3) | |
|
NHS financial year 2007/08 |
34,805 (12.4) | 30,928 (12.6) | 3,877 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| 2008/09 | 36,010 (12.8) | 31,936 (13.0) | 4,074 (11.5) | |
| 2009/10 | 36,874 (13.1) | 32,753 (13.4) | 4,121 (11.6) | |
| 2010/11 | 37,159 (13.2) | 32,806 (13.4) | 4,353 (12.3) | |
| 2011/12 | 37,499 (13.4) | 32,652 (13.3) | 4,847 (13.7) | |
| 2012/13 | 37,893 (13.5) | 32,722 (13.4) | 5,171 (14.6) | |
| 2013/14 | 35,386 (12.6) | 30,169 (12.3) | 5,217 (14.7) | |
| 2014/15 | 24,836 (8.9) | 20,997 (8.6) | 3,839 (10.8) | |
| CCI (continuous)* | 2 [0–3] | 2 [0–3] | 2 [0–3] | <0.001 |
|
CCI (categorical) 0 |
82,406 (29.4) | 72,475 (29.6) | 9,931 (28.0) | <0.001 |
| ≥1 | 198,056 (70.6) | 172,488 (70.4) | 25,568 (72.0) | |
|
Smoking status Nonsmoker |
167,927 (59.9) | 147,977 (60.4) | 19,950 (56.2) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 92,507 (33.0) | 79,419 (32.4) | 13,088 (36.9) | |
| Smoker | 20,028 (7.1) | 17,567 (7.2) | 2,461 (6.9) | |
| Recurrent UTI | 71,391 (25.5) | 62,890 (25.7) | 8,501 (23.9) | <0.001 |
|
Hospital stays Discharged from hospital in prior 7 days |
6,526 (2.3) | 5,396 (2.2) | 1,130 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Discharged from hospital in prior 30 days | 20,655 (7.4) | 17,682 (7.2) | 2,973 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Number of days spent in hospital in prior year* | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–1] | <0.001 |
| Number of admissions in prior year* | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–0] | <0.001 |
|
A&E attendances A&E attendance in prior 30 days |
10,875 (3.9) | 8,729 (3.6) | 2,146 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Number of attendances in prior year* | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic in prior 30 days | 54,077 (19.3) | 44,496 (18.2) | 9,581 (27.0) | <0.001 |
| Index event was home visit | 12,531 (4.5) | 9,116 (3.7) | 3,415 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes within 60 days after episode start | ||||
| BSI | 1,253 (0.4) | 1,025 (0.4) | 228 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Days to diagnosis of BSI* | 20 [6.0–39.0] | 22 [7.0–40.0] | 13 [3.0–32.5] | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization (non-BSI, non-UTI) | 16,492 (5.9) | 13,700 (5.6) | 2,792 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Death | 5,636 (2.0) | 4,593 (1.9) | 1,043 (2.9) | <0.001 |
Note that patients can have more than one UTI episode within the study period and will be counted separately for each of their episodes.
* Coded as a continuous variable. Note that since all continuous variables had a right-skewed distribution they were summarised by median and IQR. A nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare differences in continuous variables between groups.
A&E, accident and emergency; BSI, bloodstream infection; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015; IQR, interquartile range; NHS, UK National Health Service; Q1–Q5, quintiles 1–5; UTI, urinary tract infection.