(A) Prevalence of severe illness amongst all patients (left) versus a subgroup excluding severely malnourished patients (right). (B) Log parasite densities in Pf-positive cases (qPCR-detectable: LD and HD), in the presence or absence of severe illness. (C) Prevalence of patients with moderate-to-severe anemia. (D) Log parasite densities in Pf-positive cases (qPCR-detectable: LD and HD), in the presence or absence of moderate-to-severe anemia. Severe malnutrition is defined as weight-for-age Z-score < −3 and/or MUAC <5–11 cm. Moderate-to-severe anemia is defined as memoglobin <9 g/dl. *p < 0.05. HD, high-density Pf infection, LD, low-density Pf infection; RDT, rapid diagnostic test; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; ND, no detectable Pf parasitemia; ns, nonsignificant; sd-mRDT, standard malaria RDT; us-qPCR, ultrasensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction.