Figure 5. Results of the mid-insula focused analyses.

(A) Mid-insula activation to NS vicarious pain was highly similar to activation to FE vicarious pain. (B) NS vicarious pain-predictive pattern in the mid-insula was spatially similar to the FE vicarious pain-predictive pattern. (C) Examining voxel-level similarity in bilateral mid-insula revealed that that the majority of mid-insula voxels exhibited shared positive or negative weights (Octants 2 and 6, respectively). Selective weights are depicted as: selective positive weights for NS (Octant 1) and for FE (Octant 3) vicarious pain patterns, selective negative weights for NS (Octant 5) and for FE (Octant 7) vicarious pain patterns. Voxels with opposite weights for the two signatures are depicted in Octants 4 and 8. (D) Cross-validation accuracy from the two-choice classification tests with mid-insula partial patterns. The results demonstrated significant within- and between-modality classifications for both NS and FE vicarious pain-predictive patterns. The dashed line indicates the chance level (50%), and error bars represent standard error of the mean across subjects. ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001. SSD, sum of squared distances. Error bar indicates standard error.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1. The mid-insula mask used in the current study.