Table 3.
Summary of urinalysis in 90-day dietary toxicity study with Dry Mankai in rats.
| Male | Female | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (w/w %) | 0 (Control) | 5 | 10 | 20 | 0 (Control) | 5 | 10 | 20 |
| Number of rats | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| pH | 8.5:3, ≥9:7 | 8.5:1, ≥9:9 | 8.5:3, ≥9:7 | 7:1, 8.5:4, ≥9:5 | 7:2, 8:2, 8.5:3, ≥9:3 | 7.5:2, 8:1, 8.5:3, ≥9:4 | 6.5:1, 7:2, 7.5:1, 8:1, ≥9:5 | 6.5:1, 7:1, 7.5:1, 8.5:2, ≥9:5 |
| Protein | ±:1, +:5, 2+:4 | ±:1, +:5, 2+:3, 3+:1 | +:5, 2+:5 | ±:2, +:4, 2+:4 | ―:5, ±:5 | ―:5, ±:4, +:1 | ―:4, ±:4, +:1, 2+:1 | ―:3, ±:6, +:1 |
| Ketones | ±:5, +:5 | ±:3, +:5, 2+:2 | ―:2, ±:2, +:6 | ―:1, ±:5, +:4 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:7, ±:3 | ―:9, ±:1 |
| Glucose | ―:10 | ―:9, +:1 | ―:10 | ―:9, +:1 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| Occult blood | ―:9, ±:1 | ―:9, ±:1 | ―:8, ±:2 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| Urobilinogen (EU/dL) | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 |
| Bilirubin | ―:8,+:2 | ―:9,+:1 | ―:9,+:1 | ―:9,+:1 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| Color | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 | Yellow:10 |
| Red blood cells | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| White blood cells | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| Squamous epithelial cells | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 | ±:10 |
| Small round epithelial cells | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| Cast | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 |
| Crystal phosphate salts | ―:9, ±:1 | ―:9, ±:1 | ―:5, ±:5 | ―:6, ±:4 | ―:8, ±:2 | ―:8, ±:2 | ―:8, ±:2 | ―:5, ±:5 |
| Crystal calcium oxalate | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:10 | ―:9, ±:1 | ―:10 |
| Specific gravity | ≤1.005:3, 1.010:2, 1.015:4, 1.020:1 | ≤1.005:2, 1.010:5, 1.015:2, 1.020:1 | ≤1.005:2, 1.010:4, 1.015:1, 1.020:2 1.025:1 | 1.010:5, 1.015:2, 1.020:3 | ≤1.005:4, 1.010:1, 1.015:4, 1.020:1 | ≤1.005:3, 1.010:4, 1.015:2, 1.020:1 | ≤1.005:3, 1.010:4, 1.015:1, 1.020:1 ≥1.030:1 | ≤1.005:3, 1.010:3, 1.015:2, 1.020:1 1.025:1 |
| Urinary volume (mL/24 h) | 10.8 ± 3.4 | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 11.8 ± 5.5 | 13.5 ± 6.2 | 14.7 ± 8.2 | 8.5 ± 3.3 | 8.0 ± 3.7 | 7.0 ± 2.9 |
| Water consumption (mL/24h) | 36 ± 4 | 37 ± 5 | 35 ± 7 | 45 ± 9** | 39 ± 9 | 31 ± 5 | 32 ± 6 | 37 ± 9 |
| Na (mmol/24 h) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.3* | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2** | 0.7 ± 0.3** |
| K (mmol/24 h) | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.8* | 2.0 ± 0.7** |
| Cl (mmol/24 h) | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.4* | 1.5 ± 0.5** | 1.2 ± 0.4** |
Values are means ± S.D. Significantly different from the control using Dunnett’s test (two-tailed): * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01.
Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cl, chloride.