Table 3.

Hub proteins identified from protein-protein interaction network analysis of corresponding proteins encoded differentially expressed genes.

Hub protein	Description	Regulation	Degree	Biological significance	Reference
ICAM1	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1	Up	155	Higher expression was demonstrated in human bronchial epithelial cells and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in response to influenza virus infection	(Othumpangat et al., 2016; Traub et al., 2013)
SOCS3	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3	Up	77	Upregulated SOCS3 was induced in lung epithelial cells infected with the Zika virus	(Liu et al., 2019; Seong et al., 2020)
TNFAIP3	Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3	Up	74	Genetic variants associated with the hepatitis B virus in the Chinese population	Zhang et al. (2015)
BIRC3	Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3	Up	72	Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with asthma	Roscioli et al. (2017)
STAT5A	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A	Up	50	STAT5 signaling plays a crucial role in human parvovirus B19 (B19V) replication	Ganaie et al. (2017)
S100A8	S100 calcium binding protein A8	Up	49	Released in infection-induced inflammation.	Wang et al. (2018)
MAP3K8	Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 8	Up	39	Downregulated in response to coronavirus infection	Mamoor (2020)
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor	Up	36	Higher levels expression of pro-inflammatory effector cytokines are elevated in patients with COVID-19..	Huang et al. (2020)
IRAK2	Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase	Up	32	The roles of IRAK2 and TNIP are yet to determine in COVID-19.
TNIP1	TNFAIP3 Interacting Protein 1	Up	31	TNIP1 is a hub protein associated with autoimmune disease (Shamilov and Aneskievich, 2018).	(Chen et al., 2020)