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. 2020 Sep 21;11:4750. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18318-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Annual costs for the 2040 power system estimated on the basis of the standard model for different levels of renewables. Coal fuel and gas fuel refer to the costs for fuel for the existing and expanded coal and gas-fired plants. Coal other and gas other refer to the amortized capital and operational and maintenance costs for the new plants.