TABLE 1.

General data on nanoparticle-based bio-barcode sensing.

Types of nanoparticles	Role of nanoparticles	Barcoding molecules	Specific targets	Detection techniques	Applications	References
Magnetic nano- particles and Quantum dot	Label	Barcoded oligonucleotide sequences	Bacterial DNA	Electrophoresis	Multiplex detection of S. aureus, MRSA, and K. pneumoniae	Nam et al., 2005
Gold nano- particles and Magnetic nano- particles	Capture probes	Barcoded oligonucleotide sequences	DNA	Fluorescence	Detection of Exotoxin A gene in P. aeruginosa	Amini et al., 2016
Gold nano- particles	Label and probe capture	Barcoded oligonucleotide sequences	HIV Capsid protein p24 antigen	Electrophoresis	Diagnosis of hepatitis	Dong et al., 2012
Magnetic nano- particles	Immunocomplex	–	PVX	Light scattering	Diagnosis of plant diseases	Panferov et al., 2016
Silver nano- particles	Label	Tumor penetrating peptide RPARPAR	PPC1 Prostate cancer cells	MS	Diagnosis of Prostate cancer	Fogal et al., 2008; Teesalu et al., 2009; Agemy et al., 2011
Silver nano- particles	Label	Tumor homing peptide GKPK	M21 melanoma cells	MS	Diagnosis of skin cancer	Fogal et al., 2008; Teesalu et al., 2009; Agemy et al., 2011
Gold nano- particles	Label	Single stranded thiol capped oligonucleotide sequences	Small molecules	Fluorescence	Development of optical biosensor for detection of very small molecules	Rees et al., 2016
Silver nano- particles	Transducer modifier	Barcoded dsDNA	DNA	Fluorescence	Detection of known piece of DNA	Zhou et al., 2014
Polystyrene nanoparticles	Immunocomplex	Bio-barcoded DNA	Target protein	Fluorescence	Detection of CRP in plasma	Broto et al., 2017
Silicon nano- particles	Label	Barcoded ssDNA	IL-2	Light absorption	Detection of IL-2	Nam et al., 2005
Gold nano-particles	Label	Bio-barcoded dsDNA	TAP	Fluorescence	Detection of small molecules e.g., TAP	Zhang et al., 2018
Gold nano- particles	Capture probe	Barcoded ssDNA	PSA	Light scattering	Detection of PSA	Bao et al., 2006
Silver enhancement gold nanoparticles	Scatter light	Thiol capped ssDNA	TAP	Light scattering	Detection of TAP	Zhang et al., 2018
Gold nanoparticles	Capture probe	Thiol capped dsDNA	Target protein	qPCR	Detection of PCBs in hair	Yang et al., 2015
Gold nano- particles	Capture probe	Thiol capped dsDNA	Target protein	qPCR	Detection of 3,4,3,Yang et al., 2014
Magnetic microparticles	Capture probe	Barcoded aptamers	Cytochrome c	SPR	Detection of cytochrome c	Loo et al., 2017
Gold nano– particles	Capture probe	Oligonucleotide sequences	miRNA	Fluorescence	Determination of different levels of miRNA levels from cancer cells	Lund et al., 2006
Nanowires	Label	Oligonucleotide sequences	Target DNA	Optical reflectance microscopy	Identification of specific DNA hybridization events	Lyberopoulou et al., 2015
Nanowires	Capture probe	Oligonucleotide sequences	Target DNA	Fluorescence	Detection and quantification of DNA	Lee et al., 2007