Table 1.
Characteristics of study patients (N=2663).
|
Total
(n=2663) |
Control Group
(n=134) |
Intervention Group
(n=2529) |
P value | Intervention Group | |||
| Non-ID pharmacist (N=1191) |
ID pharmacist (N=1338) |
P value | |||||
| Sex | 0.614 | 0.051 | |||||
| Female | 1129 (42.40%) | 54 (40.30%) | 1075 (42.51%) | 482 (40.47%) | 593 (44.32%) | ||
| Male | 1534 (57.60%) | 80 (59.70%) | 1454 (57.49%) | 709 (59.53%) | 745 (55.68%) | ||
| Age group, years | 0.218 | 0.607 | |||||
| 0-17 | 275 (10.33%) | 14 (10.45%) | 261 (10.32%) | 118 (9.91%) | 143 (10.69%) | ||
| 18-65 | 1559 (58.54%) | 86 (64.18%) | 1473 (58.24%) | 684 (57.43%) | 789 (58.97%) | ||
| ≥66 | 829 (31.13%) | 34 (25.37%) | 795 (31.44%) | 389 (32.66%) | 406 (30.34%) | ||
| Department | 0.570 | <0.001* | |||||
| Intensive Care Unit | 251 (9.43%) | 12 (8.96%) | 239 (9.45%) | 78 (6.55%) | 161 (12.03%) | ||
| Surgical Department | 1207 (45.32%) | 60 (44.78%) | 1147 (45.35%) | 519 (43.58%) | 628 (46.94%) | ||
| Pediatric Department | 165 (6.20%) | 11 (8.21%) | 154 (6.09%) | 72 (6.05%) | 82 (6.13%) | ||
| Oncology Department | 234 (8.79%) | 9 (6.72%) | 225 (8.90%) | 142 (11.92%) | 83 (6.20%) | ||
| Infection & Respiratory Department | 154 (5.78%) | 8 (5.97%) | 146 (5.77%) | 52 (4.37%) | 94 (7.03%) | ||
| Emergency Department | 88 (3.30%) | 7 (5.22%) | 81 (3.20%) | 46 (3.86%) | 35 (2.62%) | ||
| Traditional Chinese Medicine Department | 7 (0.26%) | 0 (0.00%) | 7 (0.28%) | 6 (0.50%) | 1 (0.07%) | ||
| Invasive Technology Department | 53 (1.99%) | 0 (0.00%) | 53 (2.10%) | 8 (0.67%) | 45 (3.36%) | ||
| Internal Medicine Department | 504 (18.93%) | 27 (20.15%) | 477 (18.86%) | 268 (22.50%) | 209 (15.62%) | ||
| Time of consultation after hospitalized, days | 0.856 | <0.001* | |||||
| 1-7 | 1192 (44.76%) | 61 (45.52%) | 1131 (44.72%) | 486 (40.81%) | 645 (48.21%) | ||
| >7 | 1471 (55.24%) | 73 (54.48%) | 1398 (55.28%) | 705 (59.19%) | 693 (51.79%) | ||
| Type of consultation | 0.020* | <0.001* | |||||
| General Consultation | 2536 (95.23%) | 133 (99.25%) | 2403 (95.02%) | 1161 (97.48%) | 1242 (92.83%) | ||
| Special Consultation | 127 (4.77%) | 1 (0.75%) | 126 (4.98%) | 30 (2.52%) | 96 (7.17%) | ||
| Purpose of consultation | 0.398 | 0.862 | |||||
| Therapeutic Regimen Adjustment | 2343 (87.98%) | 121 (90.30%) | 2222 (87.86%) | 1045 (87.74%) | 1177 (87.97%) | ||
| Initial Therapeutic Regimen | 320 (12.02%) | 13 (9.70%) | 307 (12.14%) | 146 (12.26%) | 161 (12.03%) | ||
| Number of infectious sites | 0.919 | <0.001* | |||||
| 1 | 2106 (79.08%) | 105 (78.36%) | 2001 (79.12%) | 910 (76.41%) | 1091 (81.54%) | ||
| >1 | 427 (16.04%) | 23 (17.16%) | 404 (15.97%) | 230 (19.31%) | 174 (13.00%) | ||
| NA | 130 (4.88%) | 6 (4.48%) | 124 (4.90%) | 51 (4.28%) | 73 (5.46%) | ||
| Febrile symptom | 0.710 | 0.005* | |||||
| No | 1270 (47.69%) | 66 (49.25%) | 1204 (47.61%) | 602 (50.55%) | 602 (44.99%) | ||
| Yes | 1393 (52.31%) | 68 (50.75%) | 1325 (52.39%) | 589 (49.45%) | 736 (55.01%) | ||
| Hemogram | 0.297 | 0.128 | |||||
| Normal | 509 (19.11%) | 23 (17.16%) | 486 (19.22%) | 209 (17.55%) | 277 (20.70%) | ||
| Abnormal | 2101 (78.90%) | 106 (79.10%) | 1995 (78.88%) | 958 (80.44%) | 1037 (77.50%) | ||
| NA | 53 (1.99%) | 5 (3.73%) | 48 (1.90%) | 24 (2.02%) | 24 (1.79%) | ||
| Hypoalbuminemia | 0.098 | 0.936 | |||||
| No | 707 (26.55%) | 25 (18.66%) | 682 (26.97%) | 325 (27.29%) | 357 (26.68%) | ||
| Yes | 1517 (56.97%) | 86 (64.18%) | 1431 (56.58%) | 672 (56.42%) | 759 (56.73%) | ||
| NA | 439 (16.49%) | 23 (17.16%) | 416 (16.45%) | 194 (16.29%) | 222 (16.59%) | ||
| Kidney function | 0.086 | <0.001* | |||||
| Normal | 1852 (69.55%) | 87 (64.93%) | 1765 (69.79%) | 848 (71.20%) | 917 (68.54%) | ||
| Abnormal | 684 (25.68%) | 44 (32.84%) | 640 (25.31%) | 312 (26.20%) | 328 (24.51%) | ||
| NA | 127 (4.77%) | 3 (2.24%) | 124 (4.90%) | 31 (2.60%) | 93 (6.95%) | ||
| Liver function | 0.477 | <0.001* | |||||
| Normal | 1884 (70.75%) | 99 (73.88%) | 1785 (70.58%) | 902 (75.73%) | 883 (65.99%) | ||
| Abnormal | 662 (24.86%) | 32 (23.88%) | 630 (24.91%) | 268 (22.50%) | 362 (27.06%) | ||
| NA | 117 (4.39%) | 3 (2.24%) | 114 (4.51%) | 21 (1.76%) | 93 (6.95%) | ||
| Inflammatory indicator | 0.288 | <0.001* | |||||
| Normal | 473 (17.76%) | 20 (14.93%) | 453 (17.91%) | 206 (17.30%) | 247 (18.46%) | ||
| Increased | 1657 (62.22%) | 92 (68.66%) | 1565 (61.88%) | 797 (66.92%) | 768 (57.40%) | ||
| NA | 533 (20.02%) | 22 (16.42%) | 511 (20.21%) | 188 (15.79%) | 323 (24.14%) | ||
| With etiological evidence | 0.045* | 0.231 | |||||
| No | 1553 (58.32%) | 67 (50.00%) | 1486 (58.76%) | 685 (57.51%) | 801 (59.87%) | ||
| Yes | 1110 (41.68%) | 67 (50.00%) | 1043 (41.24%) | 506 (42.49%) | 537 (40.13%) | ||
| With imaging evidence | 0.004* | 0.647 | |||||
| No | 1278 (47.99%) | 48 (35.82%) | 1230 (48.64%) | 585 (49.12%) | 645 (48.21%) | ||
| Yes | 1385 (52.01%) | 86 (64.18%) | 1299 (51.36%) | 606 (50.88%) | 693 (51.79%) | ||
| Comorbidity | 0.692 | 0.009* | |||||
| No | 1586 (59.56%) | 82 (61.19%) | 1504 (59.47%) | 676 (56.76%) | 828 (61.88%) | ||
| Yes | 1077 (40.44%) | 52 (38.81%) | 1025 (40.53%) | 515 (43.24%) | 510 (38.12%) | ||
| With high risk factors of infection | 0.632 | 0.018* | |||||
| No | 1246 (46.79%) | 60 (44.78%) | 1186 (46.90%) | 529 (44.42%) | 657 (49.10%) | ||
| Yes | 1417 (53.21%) | 74 (55.22%) | 1343 (53.10%) | 662 (55.58%) | 681 (50.90%) | ||
| Surgical treatment of infectious sites | 0.460 | 0.011* | |||||
| No | 2057 (77.24%) | 107 (79.85%) | 1950 (77.11%) | 945 (79.35%) | 1005 (75.11%) | ||
| Yes | 606 (22.76%) | 27 (20.15%) | 579 (22.89%) | 246 (20.65%) | 333 (24.89%) | ||
| Type of infection | 0.896 | <0.001* | |||||
| Community-acquired infection | 1667 (62.60%) | 86 (64.18%) | 1581 (62.51%) | 722 (60.62%) | 859 (64.20%) | ||
| Hospital-acquired infection | 702 (26.36%) | 33 (24.63%) | 669 (26.45%) | 362 (30.39%) | 307 (22.94%) | ||
| NA | 294 (11.04%) | 15 (11.19%) | 279 (11.03%) | 107 (8.98%) | 172 (12.86%) | ||
| Severity of infection | 0.628 | 0.553 | |||||
| Mild | 452 (16.97%) | 30 (22.39%) | 422 (16.69%) | 172 (14.44%) | 250 (18.68%) | ||
| Moderate | 1388 (52.12%) | 60 (44.78%) | 1328 (52.51%) | 665 (55.84%) | 663 (49.55%) | ||
| Severe | 823 (30.91%) | 44 (32.84%) | 779 (30.80%) | 354 (29.72%) | 425 (31.76%) | ||
| Effective Response | < 0.001* | 0.896 | |||||
| Yes | 2147 (80.62%) | 90 (67.16%) | 2057 (81.34%) | 970 (81.44%) | 1087 (81.24%) | ||
| No | 516 (19.38%) | 44 (32.84%) | 472 (18.66%) | 221 (18.56%) | 251 (18.76%) | ||
Data are n (%). Control group: patients in whom treatment regimens did not follow clinical pharmacist’s recommendations; Intervention group: patients in whom treatments adhere to clinical pharmacist’s recommendations; ID, infectious diseases; *=indicated P ≤0.05; NA, Not Applicable.