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. 2020 Sep 8;14:929. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00929

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Copyright © 2020 Lv, Zhang, Feng, Zhou, Cui, Yang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of (pyr)apelin-13 on endogenous opioid peptides, opioid receptor gene and protein expression, and the content of dynorphin in the prefrontal cortex or serum in mice. (A,B) The effect of (pyr)apelin-13 (20 mg/kg, i.v.) on the relative mRNA levels of Pomc, Penk, Pdyn, Oprm1, Oprd1, and Oprk1 normalized to the housekeeping gene 36B4 mRNA levels by real-time PCR. The concentration of dynorphin in the prefrontal cortex (C) and serum (D) was assessed by ELISA. Representative western blot (E) and relative protein levels (F) of the KOR, normalized to the housekeeping protein GAPDH. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The difference between (pyr)apelin-13 and the control group was analyzed by the unpaired t-test. n = 5–8/group. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. control.