Table 2.
Radiographic and laboratory findings on admission.
| Characteristics | All patients (N = 523) | Disease severity | Clinical outcome in severe | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild (N = 429) | Severe (N = 94) | p-value | Non-survivors (N = 16) | Survivors (N = 78) | p-value | ||
| Radiographic Findings | |||||||
| Chest CT | |||||||
| Normal | 17/419 (4.06) | 13/342 (3.8) | 4/77 (5.19) | 0.38245 | 0/10 (0) | 4/67 (5.97) | 0.56639 |
| Mild | 224/419 (53.46) | 202/342 (59.06) | 22/77 (28.57) | 0 | 0/10 (0) | 22/67 (32.84) | 0.02666 |
| Moderate | 154/419 (36.75) | 118/342 (34.5) | 36/77 (46.75) | 0.04398 | 6/10 (60) | 30/67 (44.78) | 0.2873 |
| Severe | 24/419 (5.73) | 9/342 (2.63) | 15/77 (19.48) | 0 | 4/10 (40) | 11/67 (16.42) | 0.09699 |
| Laboratory Findings | |||||||
| Pathogens identified | |||||||
| COVID-19 viral nucleic acid test positive on the first time | 323/495 (65.25) | 258/404 (63.86) | 65/91 (71.43) | 0.10514 | 16/16 (100) | 49/75 (65.33) | 0.00249 |
| Influenza A virus Ag+ | 8/323 (2.48) | 8/263 (3.04) | 0/60 (0) | 0.18936 | 0/7 (0) | 0/53 (0) | 1 |
| Influenza B virus Ag+ | 13/324 (4.01) | 10/264 (3.79) | 3/60 (5) | 0.44419 | 1/7 (14.29) | 2/53 (3.77) | 0.31543 |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia IgM Ab+ | 28/319 (8.78) | 22/262 (8.4) | 6/57 (10.53) | 0.3824 | 1/7 (14.29) | 5/50 (10) | 0.5621 |
| HBsAg+ | 26/357 (7.28) | 23/288 (7.99) | 3/69 (4.35) | 0.2214 | 0/11 (0) | 3/58 (5.17) | 0.58892 |
| HCV-Ab+ | 7/353 (1.98) | 7/285 (2.46) | 0/68 (0) | 0.22041 | 0/11 (0) | 0/57 (0) | 1 |
| TP-Ab+ | 7/345 (2.03) | 7/277 (2.53) | 0/68 (0) | 0.21186 | 0/11 (0) | 0/57 (0) | 1 |
| Blood routine | |||||||
| Leucocyte count, × 109 /L | 4.82 (3.585–6.225) | 4.74 (3.5025–6.0475) | 5.38 (4–7.05) | 0.00281 | 8.66 (7–12.335) | 5.12 (3.8675–5.9875) | 0.00007 |
| >10 | 24/487 (4.93) | 14/398 (3.52) | 10/89 (11.24) | 0.00537 | 5/15 (33.33) | 5/74 (6.76) | 0.01073 |
| 4–10 | 310/487 (63.66) | 252/398 (63.32) | 58/89 (65.17) | 0.74263 | 9/15 (60) | 49/74 (66.22) | 0.64496 |
| <4 | 153/487 (31.42) | 132/398 (33.17) | 21/89 (23.6) | 0.07869 | 1/15 (6.67) | 20/74 (27.03) | 0.07944 |
| Platelet count, ×109 /L | 175.5 (143–210) | 176 (143–209.5) | 168 (145–216) | 0.29403 | 153 (93.25–210.75) | 171 (147–213.5) | 0.08684 |
| <100 | 26/452 (5.75) | 19/375 (5.07) | 7/77 (9.09) | 0.13423 | 4/14 (28.57) | 3/63 (4.76) | 0.01824 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, ×109 /L | 1.1 (0.84–1.49) | 1.12 (0.9–1.55) | 0.92 (0.595–1.225) | 0.00005 | 0.72 (0.44–0.89) | 0.985 (0.6325–1.2475) | 0.03876 |
| <0.8 | 98/448 (21.88) | 67/369 (18.16) | 31/79 (39.24) | 0.00004 | 7/13 (53.85) | 24/66 (36.36) | 0.23802 |
| Lymphocyte percentage, % | 24.5 (17.055–33.18) | 24.8 (18.575–33.625) | 19.75 (9.36–29.025) | 0.00029 | 8.34 (5.3–13.405) | 21.75 (11.225–29.775) | 0.00526 |
| <20 | 152/456 (33.33) | 112/376 (29.79) | 40/80 (50) | 0.0005 | 11/14 (78.57) | 29/66 (43.94) | 0.01858 |
| Absolute neutrophil count, ×109 /L | 3.09 (2.085–4.415) | 3.04 (2.06–4.3) | 3.73 (2.37–5.765) | 0.01557 | 6.29 (4.03–11.09) | 3.54 (2.25–4.62) | 0.01067 |
| Neutrophil percentage, % | 65.5 (56.35–74.65) | 65.4 (56.5–73.7) | 68.6 (56.6–85.1) | 0.00649 | 86.105 (80.1125–92.025) | 65.95 (55.4–77.1775) | 0.00172 |
| Absolute eosinophil count, ×109 /L | 0.01 (0–0.03) | 0.01 (0–0.03) | 0.01 (0–0.03) | 0.24402 | 0 (0–0.02) | 0.01 (0–0.03) | 0.15484 |
| <0.2 | 375/388 (96.65) | 314/324 (96.91) | 61/64(95.31) | 0.36519 | 10/11 (90.91) | 51/53 (96.23) | 0.43774 |
| Eosinophil percentage, % | 0.2 (0–0.7) | 0.2 (0–0.78) | 0.1 (0–0.4) | 0.00506 | 0 (0–0.2) | 0.1 (0–0.4) | 0.0478 |
| <0.1 | 143/405 (35.31) | 109/330 (33.03) | 34/75 (45.33) | 0.04418 | 9/15 (60) | 25/60 (41.67) | 0.20205 |
| <0.5 | 276/405 (68.15) | 217/330 (65.76) | 59/75 (78.67) | 0.03031 | 13/15 (86.67) | 46/60 (76.67) | 0.32384 |
| Hemagglutination examination | |||||||
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 3.48 (2.8–4.76) | 3.43 (2.79–4.72) | 3.607 (2.99–5.075) | 0.18678 | 3.7055 (2.685–5.035) | 3.607 (2.99–5.0825) | 0.42719 |
| >4 | 127/367 (34.6) | 97/297 (32.66) | 30/70 (42.86) | 0.10666 | 5/14 (35.71) | 25/56 (44.64) | 0.54597 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 11.9 (10.7–12.9) | 11.9 (10.77–12.9) | 11.8 (10.6–13) | 0.41355 | 12.5 (11.25–14.6) | 11.7 (10.5–12.8) | 0.06903 |
| ≥16 | 21/370 (5.68) | 17/302 (5.63) | 4/68 (5.88) | 0.56081 | 1/11 (9.09) | 3/57 (5.26) | 0.51496 |
| D-Dimer, mg/L | 0.41 (0.18–1.77225) | 0.39 (0.16–0.98) | 0.8 (0.19–4.18) | 0.04076 | 6.9 (1–32.47) | 0.46 (0.1625–1.63225) | 0.00199 |
| 0.5–1 | 57/304 (18.75) | 47/241 (19.5) | 10/63 (15.87) | 0.54445 | 2/13 (15.38) | 8/50 (16) | 0.66288 |
| ≥1 | 87/304 (28.62) | 60/241 (24.9) | 27/63 (42.86) | 0.00498 | 10/13 (76.92) | 17/50 (34) | 0.00534 |
| Liver function examination | |||||||
| Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, U/L | 22.45 (15–35) | 22 (15–34) | 26.5 (19.375–38.825) | 0.00972 | 28 (21–41.4) | 26 (19.3–38.1) | 0.38532 |
| >40 | 86/378 (22.75) | 69/310 (22.26) | 17/68 (25) | 0.62525 | 3/11 (27.27) | 14/57 (24.56) | 0.55735 |
| Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, U/L | 25 (19–33) | 24 (18.8275–31.875) | 30 (20.75–38.075) | 0.00755 | 37 (32–42.25) | 27 (20–35.4) | 0.01613 |
| >40 | 55/374 (14.71) | 40/306 (13.07) | 15/68 (22.06) | 0.09858 | 5/11 (45.45) | 10/57 (17.54) | 0.05567 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 10.25 (7.575–15.35) | 10.2 (7.5–14.7) | 11.18 (8.05–17) | 0.09421 | 14.755 (8.975–17.505) | 10.9 (8.05–16.2) | 0.16849 |
| >17.1 | 61/384 (15.89) | 45/311 (14.47) | 16/73 (21.92) | 0.11717 | 4/12 (33.33) | 12/61 (19.67) | 0.24509 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 208 (170.69–255.445) | 202.38 (166.9–235) | 246.5 (186.75–387.795) | 0 | 437 (306.315–715.5) | 223 (177.4–343.74) | 0.00182 |
| ≥250 | 102/383 (26.63) | 64/307 (20.85) | 38/76 (50) | 0 | 9/11 (81.82) | 29/65 (44.62) | 0.02248 |
| Creatine Kinase, U/L | 69.66 (45–113) | 69 (43–106.81) | 72.5 (53.99–168.3125) | 0.0169 | 172.875 (119.75–282.84) | 67.195 (53–113.75) | 0.01175 |
| ≥200 | 36/363 (9.92) | 22/299 (7.36) | 14/64 (21.88) | 0.00042 | 4/10 (40) | 10/54 (18.52) | 0.13805 |
| Albumin, g/L | 40.4 (36.7–44) | 40.7 (37.2–44.15) | 39.9 (34–42.8) | 0.00594 | 32.8 (29.75–39.45) | 39.95 (34.975–43.175) | 0.01982 |
| <30 | 17/380 (4.47) | 8/311 (2.57) | 9/69 (13.04) | 0.00094 | 3/11 (27.27) | 6/58 (10.34) | 0.14825 |
| Renal function examination | |||||||
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 65.29 (54–78.35) | 65.29 (54–78.1) | 64.85 (54.775–79.55) | 0.47011 | 83.5 (61.38–88) | 63 (54.85–71) | 0.0379 |
| ≥133 | 5/354 (1.41) | 3/284 (1.06) | 2/70 (2.86) | 0.25749 | 2/11 (18.18) | 0/59 (0) | 0.02277 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 3.94 (3.035–5.17) | 3.905 (2.9925–5.03) | 4.2 (3.2–6.9625) | 0.08176 | 5.695 (4.2075–9.99) | 3.815 (3.175–5.5725) | 0.07124 |
| >8 | 49/332 (14.76) | 35/266 (13.16) | 14/66 (21.21) | 0.09869 | 4/10 (40) | 10/56 (17.86) | 0.12549 |
| Glomerular filtration rate, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 106.39 (89.12–120.9885) | 106.49 (88.239–120.9885) | 105.0085 (89.6875–121.645) | 0.48903 | 114 (106.59–122.84) | 104.17 (88.48–118.3) | 0.35179 |
| >120 | 16/55 (29.09) | 12/39 (30.77) | 4/16 (25) | 0.46779 | 1/3 (33.33) | 3/13 (23.08) | 0.60714 |
| Arterial blood gas analysis | |||||||
| PH value | 7.435 (7.41–7.47) | 7.43 (7.409–7.46) | 7.45 (7.42625–7.48) | 0.02645 | 7.4475 (7.425–7.4675) | 7.455 (7.4285–7.48) | 0.29188 |
| >7.45 | 41/97 (42.27) | 21/61 (34.43) | 20/36 (55.56) | 0.04183 | 5/10 (50) | 15/26 (57.69) | 0.48092 |
| 7.35–7.45 | 54/97 (55.67) | 39/61 (63.93) | 15/36 (41.67) | 003294 | 4/10 (40) | 11/26 (42.31) | 0.60234 |
| <7.35 | 2/97 (2.06) | 1/61 (1.64) | 1/36 (2.78) | 0.60696 | 1/10 (10) | 0/26 (0) | 0.27778 |
| PCO2, mmHg | 35.7 (31.7–39) | 36.3 (32–39.2) | 35 (30.775–38.45) | 0.0975 | 32.5 (26.4–35.55) | 35.05 (31.85–38.55) | 0.10487 |
| <35 | 40/97 (41.24) | 23/61 (37.7) | 17/36 (47.22) | 0.35762 | 7/10 (70) | 10/26 (38.46) | 0.09239 |
| 35–45 | 51/97 (52.58) | 34/61 (55.74) | 17/36 (47.22) | 0.41712 | 2/10 (20) | 15/26 (57.69) | 0.04698 |
| >45 | 6/97 (6.19) | 4/61 (6.56) | 2/36 (5.56) | 0.60563 | 1/10 (10) | 1/26 (3.85) | 0.48413 |
| PO2, mmHg | 80.8 (67–96.6) | 86.9 (78.8–103) | 68.5 (53.8–83.65) | 0.00008 | 62.6 (49.275–86.45) | 68.5 (58.575–81.5) | 0.2567 |
| <60 | 17/97 (17.53) | 5/61 (8.2) | 12/36 (33.33) | 0.00166 | 5/10 (50) | 7/26 (26.92) | 0.17793 |
| Other examination | |||||||
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/mL | 117.8 (53.5625–604.9) | 90.71 (41–109) | 612.5 (256–1121) | 0 | 455.95 (314.715–666.75) | 736.4 (256–1166) | 0.22236 |
| >100 | 46/74 (62.16) | 17/41 (41.46) | 29/33 (87.88) | 0.00004 | 8/8 (100) | 21/25 (84) | 0.30914 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 11.425 (4.075–28) | 10 (3.45–22.715) | 30.86 (11–73.49) | 0 | 68 (30.91–96) | 21.105 (10.6175–50.175) | 0.02518 |
| >10 | 211/372 (56.72) | 152/303 (50.17) | 59/69 (85.51) | 0 | 12/13 (92.31) | 47/56 (83.93) | 0.39436 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.07 (0.05–0.1525) | 0.055 (0.05–0.11) | 0.13 (0.05925–0.20475) | 0.00012 | 0.1835 (0.15625–0.3225) | 0.12 (0.05225–0.20475) | 0.04056 |
| <0.1 | 132/235 (56.17) | 116/187 (62.03) | 16/48 (33.33) | 0.00035 | 0/8 (0) | 16/40 (40) | 0.02787 |
| 0.1–0.25 | 63/235 (26.81) | 41/187 (21.93) | 22/48 (45.83) | 0.00085 | 6/8 (75) | 16/40 (40) | 0.07686 |
| 0.25–0.5 | 25/235 (10.64) | 20/187 (10.7) | 5/48 (10.42) | 0.95548 | 0/8 (0) | 5/40 (12.5) | 0.38428 |
| ≥0.5 | 15/235 (6.38) | 10/187 (5.35) | 5/48 (10.42) | 0.16861 | 2/8 (25) | 3/40 (7.5) | 0.18874 |
| Cardiac troponin T, μg/L | 0.01 (0.004–0.0895) | 0.01 (0.003–0.2) | 0.0135 (0.0075–0.04525) | 0.37652 | 0.015 (0.012–0.079) | 0.01 (0.007–0.031) | 0.1928 |
| >0.2 | 11/47 (23.4) | 9/33 (27.27) | 2/14 (14.29) | 0.28702 | 1/5 (20) | 1/9 (11.11) | 0.6044 |
| Cardiac troponin I, μg/L | 0.24 (0.055–0.4775) | 0.24 (0.1–0.4) | 0.29 (0.02–0.9) | 0.38233 | 0.045 (0.014–0.6925) | 0.4 (0.25–5.25) | 0.2669 |
| >1.5 | 6/42 (14.29) | 3/29 (10.34) | 3/13 (23.08) | 0.262 | 1/6 (16.67) | 2/7 (28.57) | 0.56294 |
Data are median (IQR)or n/N (%). P-values were calculated by Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney U-test. CT, computerized tomography; Ag, antigen; IgM, immunoglobulin m; Ab, antibody; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV-Ab, hepatitis C virus antibody; TP-Ab, treponema pallidum antibody; PH, pondus hydrogenii; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen.