Table 3.
Distribution of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population in relation to clinical outcome from COVID-19 infection
| Variable | Clinical outcome among COVID-19 casesa | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Survivor (n = 3125 (%b)) |
Dead (n = 342 (%)) |
Total (n = 3467 (%)) |
|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Mean (s.d.) age, years | 35.6 (15.3) | 55.5 (16.4) | 37.1 (15.7)Φ |
| Age group, years | |||
| 0–4 | 32 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 33 (0.9) |
| 5–13 | 185 (5.9) | 1 (0.3) | 186 (5.4) |
| 14–20 | 291 (9.3) | 6 (1.8) | 297 (8.6) |
| 21–30 | 646 (20.7) | 24 (7.0) | 670 (19.3) |
| 31–40 | 809 (25.9) | 30 (8.8) | 839 (24.2) |
| 41–50 | 534 (17.1) | 47 (13.7) | 581 (16.8) |
| 51–60 | 346 (11.1) | 81 (23.7) | 427 (12.3) |
| 61–70 | 121 (3.9) | 91 (26.6) | 212 (6.1) |
| 71–80 | 37 (1.2) | 36 (10.5) | 73 (2.1) |
| >80 | 12 (0.4) | 11 (3.2) | 23 (0.7) |
| Missing | 112 (3.6) | 14 (4.1) | 126 (3.6)‡ |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 925 (29.6) | 68 (19.9) | 993 (28.6) |
| Male | 2188 (70.0) | 270 (79.0) | 2458 (70.9) |
| Missing | 12 (0.4) | 4 (1.1) | 16 (0.5)‡ |
| Residential setting | |||
| Rural | 244 (7.8) | 22 (6.4) | 266 (7.7) |
| Urban | 1357 (43.4) | 157 (45.9) | 1514 (43.7) |
| Unknown | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) |
| Missing | 1520 (48.6) | 163 (47.7) | 1683 (48.5)NS |
| Health facility | |||
| Primary | 275 (8.8) | 5 (1.5) | 280 (8.1) |
| Secondary | 186 (6.0) | 22 (6.4) | 208 (6.0) |
| Tertiary | 274 (8.8) | 43 (12.6) | 317 (9.1) |
| Missing | 2390 (76.5) | 272 (79.5) | 2662 (76.8)‡ |
| Formal education completed | |||
| None | 124 (4.0) | 8 (2.3) | 132 (3.8) |
| Nursery/primary | 94 (3.0) | 6 (1.8) | 100 (2.9) |
| Secondary | 306 (9.8) | 30 (8.8) | 336 (9.7) |
| Tertiary | 1072 (34.3) | 102 (29.8) | 1174 (33.9) |
| Alternative (e.g. Almajiranci) | 100 (3.2) | 11 (3.2) | 111 (3.2) |
| Missing | 1429 (45.7) | 185 (54.1) | 1614 (46.6)NS |
| Current occupation | |||
| Pupil/student | 209 (6.7) | 3 (0.9) | 212 (6.1) |
| Child | 38 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 38 (1.1) |
| Housewife | 59 (1.9) | 8 (2.3) | 67 (1.9) |
| Trader/business | 212 (6.8) | 25 (7.3) | 237 (6.8) |
| Health worker | 343 (11.0) | 12 (3.5) | 355 (10.2) |
| Animal-related work | 6 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.2) |
| Farmer | 40 (1.3) | 14 (4.1) | 54 (1.6) |
| Religious/traditional leader | 12 (0.4) | 4 (1.2) | 16 (0.5) |
| Transporter | 12 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 14 (0.4) |
| Other | 1193 (38.2) | 135 (39.5) | 1328 (38.9) |
| Missing | 1001 (32.0) | 139 (40.6) | 1140 (32.9)‡ |
| Other epidemiological variables | |||
| Quarantine location | |||
| Formal institution | 299 (9.6) | 27 (7.9) | 326 (9.4) |
| Home | 464 (14.9) | 48 (14.0) | 512 (14.8) |
| Missing | 2362 (75.6) | 267 (78.1) | 2629 (75.8)NS |
| Travel history in last 14 days | |||
| None | 2696 (86.3) | 317 (92.7) | 3013 (86.9) |
| Local | 284 (9.1) | 16 (4.7) | 300 (8.7) |
| International | 108 (3.5) | 4 (1.2) | 112 (3.2) |
| Missing | 37 (1.2) | 5 (1.5) | 42 (1.2)‡ |
| Clinical signs and symptoms among symptomatic persons onlyc | |||
| Mean (s.d.) temperature, °Cd | 37.4 (1.0) | 37.5 (1.3) | 37.4 (1.1) |
| Abdominal pain | |||
| No | 1286 (94.1) | 198 (93.4) | 1484 (94.0) |
| Yes | 14 (1.0) | 6 (2.8) | 20 (1.3) |
| Missing | 66 (4.8) | 8 (3.8) | 74 (4.7)‡ |
| Chest pain | |||
| No | 1251 (91.6) | 191 (90.1) | 1442 (91.4) |
| Yes | 53 (3.9) | 14 (6.6) | 67 (4.3) |
| Missing | 62 (4.5) | 7 (3.3) | 69 (3.4)‡ |
| Chills/sweat | |||
| No | 1281 (93.8) | 201 (94.8) | 1482 (93.9) |
| Yes | 26 (1.9) | 3 (1.4) | 29 (1.8) |
| Missing | 59 (4.3) | 8 (3.8) | 67 (4.3)‡ |
| Confusion | |||
| No | 1298 (95.0) | 200 (94.3) | 1498 (94.9) |
| Yes | 4 (0.3) | 4 (1.9) | 8 (0.5) |
| Missing | 64 (4.7) | 8 (3.8) | 72 (4.6)‡ |
| Cough | |||
| No | 607 (44.4) | 55 (25.9) | 662 (42.0) |
| Yes | 751 (55.0) | 154 (72.6) | 905 (57.3) |
| Missing | 8 (0.6) | 3 (1.4) | 11 (0.7)‡ |
| Diarrhoea | |||
| No | 1206 (88.3) | 186 (87.7) | 1392 (88.2) |
| Yes | 112 (8.2) | 20 (9.4) | 132 (8.4) |
| Missing | 48 (3.5) | 6 (2.8) | 54 (3.4)‡ |
| Difficulty in breathing | |||
| No | 1066 (78.0) | 98 (46.2) | 1164 (73.8) |
| Yes | 237 (17.4) | 109 (51.4) | 346 (21.9) |
| Missing | 63 (4.6) | 5 (2.4) | 68 (4.3)‡ |
| Fatigue | |||
| No | 1207 (88.4) | 182 (85.9) | 1389 (88.0) |
| Yes | 93 (6.8) | 24 (11.3) | 117 (7.4) |
| Missing | 66 (4.8) | 6 (2.8) | 72 (4.6)‡ |
| Fever | |||
| No | 498 (36.4) | 73 (34.4) | 571 (36.1) |
| Yes | 855 (62.6) | 137 (64.6) | 992 (62.9) |
| Missing | 13 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | 15 (1.0)‡ |
| Headache | |||
| No | 1070 (78.3) | 186 (87.7) | 1256 (79.6) |
| Yes | 251 (18.4) | 20 (9.4) | 271 (17.2) |
| Missing | 45 (3.3) | 6 (2.8) | 51 (3.2)‡ |
| Joint pain | |||
| No | 1278 (93.6) | 199 (93.9) | 1477 (93.6) |
| Yes | 22 (1.6) | 6 (2.8) | 28 (1.8) |
| Missing | 66 (4.8) | 7 (3.3) | 73 (4.6)‡ |
| Malaise | |||
| No | 957 (70.1) | 102 (48.1) | 1059 (67.1) |
| Yes | 60 (4.4) | 13 (6.1) | 73 (4.6) |
| Missing | 349 (25.6) | 97 (45.8) | 446 (28.3)‡ |
| Muscle pain | |||
| No | 1253 (91.7) | 199 (93.9) | 1452 (92.0) |
| Yes | 49 (3.6) | 6 (2.8) | 55 (3.5) |
| Missing | 64 (4.7) | 7 (3.3) | 71 (4.5)‡ |
| Nausea | |||
| No | 1219 (89.2) | 189 (89.2) | 1408 (89.2) |
| Yes | 87 (6.4) | 16 (7.6) | 103 (6.5) |
| Missing | 60 (4.4) | 7 (3.3) | 67 (4.3)‡ |
| Rapid breathing | |||
| No | 1040 (76.1) | 137 (64.6) | 1177 (74.6) |
| Yes | 21 (1.5) | 11 (5.2) | 32 (2.0) |
| Missing | 305 (22.3) | 64 (30.2) | 369 (23.4)‡ |
| Runny nose | |||
| No | 1011 (74.0) | 174 (82.1) | 1185 (75.1) |
| Yes | 297 (21.7) | 32 (15.1) | 329 (20.9) |
| Missing | 58 (4.3) | 6 (2.8) | 64 (4.1)‡ |
| Sore throat | |||
| No | 1052 (77.0) | 175 (82.6) | 1227 (77.8) |
| Yes | 296 (21.7) | 35 (16.5) | 331 (21.0) |
| Missing | 18 (1.3) | 2 (0.9) | 20 (1.2)‡ |
| Vomiting | |||
| No | 1247 (91.3) | 181 (85.4) | 1428 (90.5) |
| Yes | 59 (4.3) | 26 (12.3) | 85 (5.4) |
| Missing | 60 (4.4) | 5 (2.4) | 65 (4.1)‡ |
| Loss of smell | |||
| No | 762 (55.8) | 135 (63.7) | 897 (56.8) |
| Yes | 22 (1.6) | 1 (0.5) | 23 (1.5) |
| Missing | 582 (42.6) | 76 (35.9) | 658 (41.7)NS |
| Loss of taste | |||
| No | 760 (55.6) | 132 (62.3) | 892 (56.5) |
| Yes | 25 (1.8) | 5 (2.4) | 30 (1.9) |
| Missing | 581 (42.5) | 75 (35.3) | 656 (41.6)NS |
| Conjunctival injection | |||
| No | 1294 (94.7) | 205 (96.7) | 1499 (95.0) |
| Yes | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.4) |
| Missing | 66 (4.8) | 7 (3.3) | 73 (4.6)‡ |
| Pneumonia | |||
| No | 1289 (94.3) | 201 (94.8) | 1.490 (94.4) |
| Yes | 1 (0.1) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (0.3) |
| Missing | 76 (5.6) | 8 (3.8) | 84 (5.3)‡ |
| ARDS | |||
| No | 1287 (94.2) | 196 (92.5) | 1483 (94.0) |
| Yes | 16 (1.2) | 10 (4.7) | 26 (1.6) |
| Missing | 63 (4.6) | 6 (2.8) | 69 (4.4)‡ |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.
a
8822 persons diagnosed with COVID-19 did not yet have a clinical outcome during the study period.
b
Percentages in some instances may be greater than 100.0% due to rounding up.
c
Only for symptomatic confirmed COVID-19 cases with records of clinical outcome: survivor (n = 1366), dead (n = 212), and total (n = 1578).
d
692 total records were used for the assessment of temperature.
†P-value <0.05; ‡ P-value <0.001; NS = P-value not statistically significant (i.e. >0.05).
Φ: P-value from t-test was <0.0001; mean difference was 19.9 years.