Fig. 1.

Patient enrollments and DL-based Radiomics model application flowchart. R-RFA and R-SR models were built using CEUS cines from the RFA group and the SR group, respectively. RFA and SR nomograms were built by incorporating clinical variables and Radiomics signatures extracted from R-RFA and R-SR, respectively. Cross stratifications were conducted by applying R-RFA and R-SR into CEUS cines from swapped patient groups, respectively. Then, the individualized PFS prediction was compared between the original and restratified patient subgroups for each of the RFA and SR groups. RFA, radiofrequency ablation; SR, surgical resection; CEUS, contrast-enhanced ultrasound; T, training cohort; V, validation cohort; ROI, region of interest.