Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics for Rankings of the Emotional Impactfulness by Medium.

Medium	Mean rank	SD rank
Seeing a player being socially excluded during an online computerized ball tossing game	2.40	1.93
Watching another person suffering in a movie or fictional TV show	3.57	2.49
Reading a plain-text, secondhand (i.e., not told by the victim themselves) description of another person’s suffering	3.73	1.67
Reading a newspaper or web article describing another person’s suffering	3.88	1.74
Reading a plain-text, firsthand (i.e., recounted by the victim themselves) description of another person’s suffering	4.58	1.82
Seeing photographs showing another person suffering	5.48	1.86
Watching a recording (e.g., an interview from a TV documentary) of a person describing their own suffering firsthand	6.08	1.74
Watching another person suffering over live CCTV/camera	7.28	1.62
Watching another person suffering firsthand and in person	7.98	2.25

Note. CCTV = closed-circuit television.