Table 2.
Summary of Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.
| First author | Year | Source | Stimulus medium | Injustice manipulation | Injustice context | Veracity | Proximity | n | g | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alves | 2015 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Accident | Unclear | Distal | 120 | 0.51 | 0.19 |
| Betts | 2011 | Hons thesis | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Physical assault | Real | Distal | 76 | 0.35 | 0.23 |
| Buchanan | 2008 | Hons thesis | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Accident | Real | Distal | 87 | −0.53 | 0.22 |
| Burczyk | 1989 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Rape | Unclear | Distal | 144 | −0.64 | 0.17 |
| Callan | 2002 | Unpublished | Video—fiction | Punishment | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 34 | −0.24 | 0.34 |
| Callan | 2003 (Study 1) | Master thesis | Video—fiction | Punishment | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 45 | 0.19 | 0.3 |
| Callan | 2003 (Study 2) | Master thesis | Video—fiction | Punishment | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 62 | 0.37 | 0.26 |
| Callan | 2003 (Study 3) | Master thesis | Video—fiction | Punishment | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 60 | −0.02 | 0.26 |
| Callan | 2003 (Study 4) | Master thesis | Video—interview | Compensation | Disease/illness | Real | Distal | 44 | 0.36 | 0.3 |
| Callan | 2004a | Unpublished | Video—fiction | Prolonged suffering | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 37 | 0.09 | 0.33 |
| Callan | 2004b | Unpublished | Video—interview | Prolonged suffering | Disease/illness | Real | Distal | 27 | −0.69 | 0.4 |
| Callan | 2004c | Unpublished | Text—1st person | Compensation | Nonviolent crime | Real | Distal | 110 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
| Callan | 2007 (Study 2) | Journal article | Text—news article | Prolonged suffering | Accident | Real | Distal | 36 | −0.62 | 0.34 |
| Callan | 2014 (Study 1) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Punishment | Physical assault | Real | Distal | 375 | 0.07 | 0.1 |
| Carli | 1989 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Rape | Hypothetical | Distal | 135 | 0.38 | 0.17 |
| Carli | 1999 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Rape | Real | Distal | 100 | 0.49 | 0.21 |
| Chapman | 2012 | Hons thesis | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 160 | −0.16 | 0.16 |
| Cialdini | 1976 | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Real | Proximal | 86 | 0.91 | 0.23 |
| Correia | 2003 (Study 1) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Prolonged suffering | Disease/illness | Unclear | Distal | 67 | −0.06 | 0.25 |
| Drake | 1981 (Study 1) | PhD thesis | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Other | Hypothetical | Distal | 120 | 0.47 | 0.19 |
| Drake | 1981 (Study 2) | PhD thesis | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Other | Hypothetical | Distal | 120 | −0.11 | 0.19 |
| Fine | 1983 | Journal article | Firsthand | Procedural injustice | Other | Real | Proximal | 80 | 0.12 | 0.22 |
| Gawronski | 2008 | Unpublished | Text—news article | Punishment | Physical assault | Real | Distal | 128 | −0.36 | 0.18 |
| Harvey | 2012 | Unpublished | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Accident | Real | Distal | 120 | 0.13 | 0.18 |
| Harvey | 2014 (Study 4) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Accident | Unclear | Distal | 263 | −0.16 | 0.12 |
| Harvey | 2014 (Study 5) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Accident | Unclear | Distal | 258 | −0.19 | 0.12 |
| Harvey | 2014 (Study 6) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Disease/illness | Unclear | Distal | 220 | −0.13 | 0.13 |
| Irving | 2003 | Hons thesis | Video—fiction | Punishment | Physical assault | Hypothetical | Distal | 47 | 0.09 | 0.29 |
| Kenrick | 1976 | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Real | Proximal | 20 | 1.13 | 0.48 |
| Kerr | 1977 (Study 1) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Rape | Unclear | Distal | 218 | −0.12 | 0.14 |
| Knight | 1980 (Study 1) | Other | Text—news article | Injustice present | Phys. assault | Real | Distal | 160 | −0.24 | 0.17 |
| Kozak | 2006 (Study 3) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Mundane misfortune | Unclear | Distal | 39 | 1.41 | 0.36 |
| Latta | 1976 (Study 1) | PhD thesis | Firsthand | Severity of harm | Mundane misfortune | Real | Proximal | 64 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
| Latta | 1976 (Study 2) | PhD thesis | Firsthand | Injustice present | Mundane misfortune | Real | Proximal | 32 | −0.25 | 0.35 |
| Lea | 1990 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Disease/illness | Real | Distal | 233 | 0.51 | 0.14 |
| Lens | 2014 | Journal article | Text—1st person | Severity of harm | Rape | Unclear | Distal | 79 | −0.81 | 0.23 |
| Lerner | 1966 | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Prolonged suffering | Physical pain | Real | Proximal | 41 | 0.89 | 0.33 |
| Lerner | 1971 (Study 1) | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Manipulated | Proximal | 29 | 0.87 | 0.42 |
| Lerner | 1971 (Study 2) | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Manipulated | Proximal | 34 | 1.69 | 0.41 |
| Lerner | 1971 (Study 3) | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Manipulated | Proximal | 42 | 0.88 | 0.34 |
| Lincoln | 1972 | Journal article | Images | Injustice present | Physical assault | Real | Distal | 90 | 0.57 | 0.22 |
| Michniewicz | 2013 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Procedural injustice | Other | Unclear | Distal | 38 | −0.61 | 0.33 |
| Murthi | 2008 | Hons thesis | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Accident | Real | Distal | 50 | −0.19 | 0.28 |
| Park | 2015 | Journal article | Cyberball | Injustice present | Mundane misfortune | Real | Distal | 218 | −0.26 | 0.14 |
| Rubel | 2016 | Unpublished | Video—interview | Prolonged suffering | Disease/illness | Real | Distal | 254 | −0.21 | 0.13 |
| C. W. Simons | 1972 | Journal article | Video—CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Manipulated | Proximal | 79 | 0.53 | 0.23 |
| Skarlicki | 1998 | Journal article | Text—news article | Procedural injustice | Mundane misfortune | Real | Distal | 104 | 0.55 | 0.2 |
| Skarlicki | 2014 (Study 2) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Procedural injustice | Mundane misfortune | Hypothetical | Distal | 61 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
| Sorrentino | 1974 | Journal article | Video—Live CCTV | Injustice present | Physical pain | Real | Proximal | 80 | 0.55 | 0.23 |
| Stokols | 1973 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Severity of harm | Rape | Real | Distal | 128 | 0.46 | 0.18 |
| Telk | 2012 | Master thesis | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Disease/illness | Unclear | Distal | 294 | −0.03 | 0.13 |
| VanDeursen | 2012 | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Punishment | Nonviolent crime | Unclear | Distal | 87 | 0.5 | 0.22 |
| von Wurzbach | 2016 | Unpublished | Text—1st person | Severity of harm | Physical assault | Real | Distal | 51 | −0.05 | 0.28 |
| Warner | 2012 (Study 4) | Journal article | Video—interview | Severity of harm | Nonviolent crime | Real | Distal | 96 | 0.58 | 0.21 |
| Williams | 1984 (Study 2) | Journal article | Text—3rd person | Injustice present | Rape | Unclear | Distal | 165 | 0.39 | 0.16 |
Note. CCTV = closed-circuit television.