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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The average performance bar of the model with and without the algorithms in different scales under inter-patient paradigm. BSFL: Borderline-SMOTE algorithm and focal loss function. CE: cross-entropy loss function.