Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Overall Sample and According to Migration Status by Sex
| Variables | Total (n = 3876) | Female (n = 2024) | P | Male (n = 1852) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-migrant (n = 1546) | Migrant (n = 478) | Non-migrant (n = 1480) | Migrant (n = 372) | ||||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 67.5 ± 6.5 | 67.6 ± 6.6 | 68.2 ± 7.2 | 0.061 | 67.3 ± 6.2 | 67.1 ± 6.0 | 0.556 |
| Age group, n (%) | 0.193 | 0.693 | |||||
| < 65 | 1622 (41.8) | 635 (41.1) | 191 (40.0) | 629 (42.5) | 167 (44.9) | ||
| 65 ~ 70 | 1190 (30.7) | 492 (31.8) | 138 (28.9) | 450 (30.4) | 110 (29.6) | ||
| > 70 | 1064 (27.5) | 419 (27.1) | 149 (31.2) | 401 (27.1) | 95 (25.5) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | 0.032 | 0.001 | |||||
| Illiterate | 1694 (43.7) | 986 (63.8) | 270 (56.5) | 376 (25.4) | 62 (16.7) | ||
| Some primary school | 860 (22.2) | 280 (18.1) | 100 (20.9) | 362 (24.5) | 118 (31.7) | ||
| Finished primary school | 943 (24.3) | 222 (14.4) | 83 (17.4) | 504 (34.1) | 134 (36.0) | ||
| Higher than primary school | 379 (9.8) | 58 (3.8) | 25 (5.2) | 238 (16.1) | 58 (15.6) | ||
| Retired, n (%) | 1173 (30.3) | 544 (35.2) | 213 (44.6) | <.001 | 288 (19.5) | 128 (34.4) | <.001 |
| Household annual income, n (%) | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| Low | 1098 (28.3) | 473 (30.6) | 125 (26.2) | 429 (29.0) | 71 (19.1) | ||
| Medium | 2074 (53.5) | 821 (53.1) | 241 (50.4) | 810 (54.7) | 202 (54.3) | ||
| High | 704 (18.2) | 252 (16.3) | 112 (23.4) | 241 (16.3) | 99 (26.6) | ||
| Family connections, n (%) | |||||||
| Coupled household | 3026 (78.1) | 1128 (73.0) | 327 (68.4) | 0.061 | 1238 (83.6) | 333 (89.5) | 0.006 |
| Living with children | 1889 (48.7) | 735 (47.5) | 280 (58.6) | <.001 | 659 (44.5) | 215 (57.8) | <.001 |
| Caring for grandchildren | 1545 (39.9) | 534 (34.5) | 230 (48.1) | <.001 | 587 (39.7) | 194 (52.2) | <.001 |
| Social attachment, n (%) | |||||||
| Civic participation | 33 (0.9) | 11 (0.7) | 4 (0.8) | 0.999 | 14 (0.9) | 4 (1.1) | 0.999 |
| Leisure activities | 569 (14.7) | 133 (8.6) | 78 (16.3) | <.001 | 282 (19.1) | 76 (20.4) | 0.598 |
| Friendships | 1269 (32.7) | 554 (35.8) | 161 (33.7) | 0.420 | 452 (30.5) | 102 (27.4) | 0.266 |
| Depression, (mean ± SD, 0–30) | 9.1 ± 6.5 | 10.3 ± 6.8 | 9.0 ± 6.7 | <.001 | 8.2 ± 6.0 | 7.5 ± 5.7 | 0.039 |
| Health | |||||||
| ADLs, (mean ± SD, 0–6) | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.035 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.069 |
| Chronic diseases | 2757 (71.1) | 1144 (74.0) | 348 (72.8) | 0.646 | 1018 (68.8) | 247 (66.4) | 0.411 |
| Health behaviours | |||||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.115 | 0.477 | |||||
| Non-smokers | 2582 (66.6) | 1457 (94.2) | 438 (91.6) | 553 (37.4) | 134 (36.0) | ||
| Light/moderate smokers | 601 (15.5) | 64 (4.1) | 30 (6.3) | 411 (27.8) | 96 (25.8) | ||
| Heavy smokers | 693 (17.9) | 25 (1.6) | 10 (2.1) | 516 (34.9) | 142 (38.2) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.954 | 0.183 | |||||
| Non-drinker | 2665 (68.8) | 1349 (87.3) | 418 (87.4) | 713 (48.2) | 185 (49.7) | ||
| ≤ 1 drink per month | 239 (6.2) | 65 (4.2) | 21 (4.4) | 115 (7.8) | 38 (10.2) | ||
| > 1 drink per month | 972 (25.1) | 132 (8.5) | 39 (8.2) | 652 (44.1) | 149 (40.1) | ||
| Afternoon napping, n (%) | 0.066 | 0.507 | |||||
| Non-napper | 1878 (48.5) | 876 (56.7) | 240 (50.2) | 602 (40.7) | 160 (43.0) | ||
| Short napper | 327 (8.4) | 114 (7.4) | 35 (7.3) | 149 (10.1) | 29 (7.8) | ||
| Moderate napper | 1111 (28.7) | 386 (25.0) | 145 (30.3) | 467 (31.6) | 113 (30.4) | ||
| Extended napper | 560 (14.4) | 170 (11.0) | 58 (12.1) | 262 (17.7) | 70 (18.8) | ||
| Cognition, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Total cognition (range 0–21) | 9.2 ± 3.8 | 8.1 ± 3.8 | 8.8 ± 3.8 | 0.001 | 10.3 ± 3.7 | 10.5 ± 3.4 | 0.274 |
| Mental status (range 0–11) | 6.2 ± 3.1 | 5.2 ± 3.0 | 5.8 ± 3.0 | <.001 | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | 0.086 |
| Episodic memory (range 0–10) | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 0.651 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 0.556 |
Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, SES socioeconomic status, ADL activity of daily living disability