TABLE 1.
Descriptive analyses of household food insecurity, maternal anxiety and depression, infant feeding and household, maternal and infant's characteristics and bivariate association of these variables with early child development delays. 2018
| Study variables | All sample (%) | Early child development delays a | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (%) | Positive n (%) | |||
| Household food insecurity b | 0.001 * | |||
| Secure (0) | 51.7 | 56.6 | 40.4 | |
| Mild food insecurity (1–5) | 39.5 | 37.3 | 44.7 | |
| Moderate or severe food insecurity (6–14) | 8.8 | 6.1 | 14.9 | |
| Anxiety (positive >40) | 48.3 | 42.8 | 61.0 | <0.001 * |
| Depression (positive 14–63) | 32.3 | 29.7 | 38.3 | 0.07 |
| Dietary diversity (yes) c, , d | 41.3 | 40.2 | 43.6 | 0.50 |
| Breastfeeding in the first hour (yes) | 70.1 | 72.2 | 65.2 | 0.13 |
| Continued breastfeeding (yes) | 81.6 | 82.3 | 80.1 | 0.59 |
| Use of pacifier (yes) | 33.8 | 32.4 | 36.9 | 0.35 |
| Use of bottle (yes) | 59.8 | 57.5 | 65.2 | 0.12 |
| Monthly per capita income d | 0.001 * | |||
| >½ minimum Brazilian wage | 59.5 | 65.0 | 46.6 | |
| >¼ and ≤ ½ minimum Brazilian wage | 24.8 | 22.2 | 30.8 | |
| Up to ¼ of the minimum Brazilian wage | 15.7 | 12.8 | 22.6 | |
| Enrolment in the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme (yes) | 21.2 | 17.1 | 30.5 | 0.001 * |
| Maternal age (20–35 years) | 77.1 | 75.8 | 80.1 | 0.31 |
| Maternal education level | <0.001 * | |||
| Incomplete/complete college education or above | 36.5 | 42.5 | 22.7 | |
| Incomplete/complete high school | 49.6 | 47.7 | 53.9 | |
| Incomplete/complete elementary school | 13.9 | 9.8 | 23.4 | |
| Maternal race (White) | 23.9 | 26.6 | 17.7 | 0.04 * |
| Marital status (married/living with a partner) | 73.3 | 75.2 | 68.8 | 0.15 |
| Planned pregnancy (yes) | 39.3 | 39.1 | 39.7 | 0.91 |
| Wanted pregnancy (yes) | 84.6 | 87.2 | 78.7 | 0.02 * |
| First pregnancy (yes) | 40.4 | 41.3 | 38.3 | 0.55 |
| Type of delivery (C‐section delivery) | 55.1 | 55.7 | 53.9 | 0.73 |
| Infant's age | 0.07 | |||
| 6 to 7 months | 29.3 | 32.4 | 22.0 | |
| 7 to 9 months | 46.6 | 44.4 | 51.8 | |
| 10 to 12 months | 24.1 | 23.2 | 26.2 | |
| Infant's sex (male) | 53.6 | 54.7 | 51.1 | 0.46 |
| Preterm birth (yes) d | 8.0 | 6.5 | 11.3 | 0.08 |
| Low birth weight (<2,500 kg) (yes) d | 9.2 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 0.74 |
| Infant hospitalized for more than 5 days after birth (yes) | 11.8 | 9.5 | 17.0 | 0.02 * |
| ICU after birth (yes) | 6.0 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 0.51 |
Abbreviation: ICU, intensive care unit.
Based on PIPAS's questionnaire using the 30th percentile of the score's distribution as the cut‐off point.
Measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA).
Based on the indicator proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. A diversified diet consists on the consumption of six food groups on the day before.
Variables with missing values: dietary diversity (n = 5); monthly per capita income (n = 29); preterm birth (n = 4); low birth weight (n = 3).
Statistically significant results.