TABLE 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio for early child development delays, by household food insecurity and covariates. Brasília (DF). 2018
| Study variables | Early child development delays a | Early child development delays b, , c |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | ORaj (95% CI) b | |
| Household food insecurity d | ||
| Secure (0) | 1 | 1 |
| Mild food insecurity (1–5) | 1.68 [1.10, 2.56] e | 1.49 [0.92, 2.39] |
| Moderate or severe food insecurity (6–14) | 3.41 [1.73, 6.73] e | 2.52 [1.13, 5.65] e |
| Breastfeeding in the first hour | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 |
| No | 1.38 [0.90, 2.11] | 1.43 [0.87, 2.36] |
| Use of bottle | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.39 [0.92, 2.09] | 1.19 [0.75, 1.88] |
| Monthly per capita income | ||
| >½ minimum Brazilian wage | 1 | 1 |
| >¼ and ≤ ½ minimum Brazilian wage | 1.93 [1.20, 3.13] e | 1.18 [0.67, 2.07] |
| Up to ¼ of the minimum Brazilian wage | 2.47 [1.42, 4.30] e | 1.35 [0.66, 2.75] |
| Enrolment in the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2.12 [1.34, 3.36] e | 1.12 [0.62, 2.04] |
| Maternal education level | ||
| Incomplete/complete college education or above | 1 | 1 |
| Incomplete/complete high school | 2.11 [1.32, 3.39] e | 1.44 [0.82, 2.54] |
| Incomplete/complete elementary school | 4.48 [2.41, 8.32] e | 2.72 [1.27, 5.85] e |
| Maternal race | ||
| White | 1 | 1 |
| Non‐White | 1.68 [1.02, 2.76] e | 1.23 [0.70, 2.18] |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living with a partner | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 1.38 [0.89, 2.13] | 1.09 [0.66, 1.80] |
| Wanted pregnancy | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 |
| No | 1.83 [1.10, 3.08] e | 1.53 [0.82, 2.86] |
| Infant's age | ||
| 6 to 7 months | 1 | 1 |
| 7 to 9 months | 1.72 [1.06, 2.81] e | 1.70 [0.99, 2.92] |
| 10 to 12 months | 1.66 [0.95, 2.92] | 2.01 [1.07, 3.76] e |
| Preterm birth | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.84 [0.93, 3.64] | 2.35 [1.03, 5.36] e |
| Infant hospitalized for more than 5 days after birth | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.96 [1.10, 3.48] e | 1.28 [0.63, 2.59] |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Odds ratio adjusted by logistic regression for monthly per capita income, enrolment in the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme, maternal education level, maternal race, maternal marital status, wanted pregnancy, infant's age, preterm birth, infant's hospitalization for more than 5 days after birth, Household Food Insecurity, breastfeeding in the first hour of life, use of bottle.
Based on PIPAS's questionnaire using the 30th percentile of the score's distribution as a cut‐off point.
Hosmer‐Lemeshow statistic with p > .05
Measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA).
Statistically significant results.