Table 3.
Within-group changes before and after the intervention and between-group differences in changes
| Outcomes | Intervention (n = 30) | Control (n = 30) | Time* Group effect: p-value | Between-group difference (95% CI) | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2-T1, M (SD)/n (%) | Change (p-value) | T2-T1, M (SD) | Change (p-value) | ||||
| Primary outcomes | |||||||
| Loneliness | −.63 (1.45) | 2.39(.02)e | .53 (1.33) | −2.19(.04) e | .018 | 1.17(.45 to 1.89) | .834 |
| Barriers to social participation | −1.27 (2.05) | 3.28(.001)d | .13(.73) | −1.21(.226)d | .018 | −.57(− 1.00 to −.13) | .908 |
| Social support | .43 (4.62) | −.51(.61)e | −1.4 (4.78) | 1.60(.12)e | .460 | – | – |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||
| Life satisfaction | 5 (16.7%) | 5.00(.025)c | 1 (3.33%) | 1.00(.32)c | N/Af | – | – |
| Happiness | 1.07 (1.53) | −3.36(.0008)d | .47 (2.00) | −1.11(.27)d | .36 | – | – |
| Depression | 7 (23.3%) | 7.00(.0082)c | −1 (3.33%) | .20(.65)c | .06 | – | – |
| Anxiety | −.5 (1.43) | 1.187(.235)d | −.27(.91) | 1.39(.17)d | .657 | – | – |
| Resilience | .73 (1.44) | −2.44 (.01)d | −.63 (1.13) | 2.74(.006)d | .004 | −1.37(− 2.03 to −.70) | 1.051 |
| Purpose in life | −1.6 (4.94) | 1.946(.052)d | −.67 (6.24) | .76(.445)d | .801 | – | – |
aIndependent sample t-test; bWilcoxon rank-sum test; cMcNemar’s test; dWilcoxon signed rank test; ePaired-sample test; fAs the expected frequency in table cells was low, statistical analysis could not be performed