TABLE 3.
Multilevel logistic regression analysis for determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age (15–49) using the 2016 NDHS
| Null model (N = 6,134) (Model 1) | Individual–household‐level model (N = 4,448) (Model 2) | Community‐level model (N = 6,134) (Model 3) | Individual–household–community‐level model (N = 4,448) (Model 4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | ||
| Women's age | ||||
| 15–19 | 1.31 [0.86, 1.99] | 1.22 [0.80, 1.85] | ||
| 20–29 | 1.43 [1.11, 1.85] ** | 1.33 [1.04, 1.72] * | ||
| 30–39 | 1.18 [0.97, 1.45] | 1.13 [0.93, 1.39] | ||
| 40–49 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Education | ||||
| No education | 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 0.86 [0.64, 1.16] | ||
| Primary | 0.90 [0.67, 1.22] | 0.86 [0.63, 1.16] | ||
| Secondary | 1.02 [0.78, 1.33] | 1.00 [0.76, 1.30] | ||
| Higher secondary and above | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Currently working | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.86 [0.73, 1.00] | 0.89 [0.76, 1.05] | ||
| Total no of children | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 1–2 | 1.21 [0.90, 1.63] | 1.22 [0.91, 1.65] | ||
| 3–4 | 1.37 [0.97, 1.93] | 1.33 [0.94, 1.87] | ||
| >4 | 1.66 [1.11, 2.47] * | 1.54 [1.03, 2.28] * | ||
| Use of contraception | ||||
| Not using | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Hormonal | 0.60 [0.48, 0.74] *** | 0.61 [0.50, 0.76] *** | ||
| Female sterilization | 1.59 [1.26, 2.02] *** | 1.50 [1.19, 1.90] ** | ||
| Male contraception | 0.79 [0.61, 1.02] | 0.82 [0.64, 1.06] | ||
| Traditional methods | 1.00 [0.78, 1.29] | 1.01 [0.79, 1.30] | ||
| Women's BMI | ||||
| Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Underweight | 1.21 [0.98, 1.50] | 1.16 [0.94, 1.42] | ||
| Overweight | 0.56 [0.46, 0.69] *** | 0.58 [0.47, 0.72] *** | ||
| Obese | 0.59 [0.41, 0.84] ** | 0.62 [0.43, 0.89] *** | ||
| Autonomy | 1.00 [0.90, 1.10] | 1.01 [0.91, 1.11] | ||
| Intimate partner violence | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.25 [1.04, 1.52] * | 1.23 [1.02, 1.49] * | ||
| Improved source of water | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.03 [0.75, 1.40] | 0.93 [0.68,1.26] | ||
| Improved toilet | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.01 [0.85, 1.19] | 1.03 [0.87, 1.22] | ||
| Household wealth | ||||
| Lowest | 0.53 [0.38, 0.75] *** | 0.59 [0.41, 0.85] ** | ||
| Second | 0.85 [0.63, 1.15] | 0.89 [0.65, 1.20] | ||
| Middle | 1.00 [0.75, 1.34] | 0.99 [0.74, 1.32] | ||
| Higher | 1.00 [0.77, 1.31] | 0.99 [0.76, 1.29] | ||
| Highest | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Food security | ||||
| Food insecure | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Mildly food insecure | 0.96 [0.79, 1.17] | 0.93 [0.76, 1,13] | ||
| Moderately food insecure | 0.97 [0.79, 1.20] | 0.98 [0.80, 1.20] | ||
| Severely food insecure | 1.17 [0.87, 1.57] | 1.16 [0.86, 1.56] | ||
| Type of residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Rural | 0.94 [0.78, 1.12] | 1.04 [0.83, 1.29] | ||
| Province | ||||
| 1 (Eastern region) | 1.81 [1.31, 2,51] | 1.78 [1.20, 2.63] ** | ||
| 2 (Central/Eastern plains) | 3.42 [2.48, 4.72] | 2.37 [1.57, 3.57] *** | ||
| 3 (Bagmati) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 4 (Gandaki) | 0.82 [0.58, 1.17] | 0.82 [0.53, 1.24] | ||
| 5 (Western/mid‐western region) | 1.88 [1.37, 2.57] | 1.70 [1.17, 2.48] ** | ||
| 6 (Karnali) | 1.22 [0.88, 1.70] | 1.24 [0.83, 1.86] | ||
| 7 (Sudurpaschim) | 1.69 [1.21, 2.35] | 1.49 [1.00, 2.23] | ||
| Model summary | ||||
| AIC | 7,940.75 | 5,661.06 | 7,875.71 | 5,639.53 |
| BIC | 7,960.92 | 5,859.47 | 7,936.20 | 5,882.74 |
| ICC | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| MOR | 2.24 | 2.03 | 1.88 | 1.94 |
| Variance of the random effect intercept at cluster level | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.69 |
Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; BMI, body mass index; ICC, intraclass correlation; MOR, median odds ratio; NDHS, Nepal Demographic and Health Survey.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.