Table 1.
Summary of article characteristics.
| First Author | Year | Country | Method | Participants | Theme | QAS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AbdelKarim | 2016 | Saudi, Jordan, Malaysia | Survey | 119 students | Student perception, interface design | Medium |
| Abumansour | 2017 | Saudi | Description | NA | Authentication and security | Low |
| Aisyah | 2018 | Indonesia | Description | NA | Authentication and security | Low |
| Attia | 2014 | Saudi | Survey | 34 students | Student perception, anxiety | High |
| Böhmer | 2018 | Germany | Survey | 17 students | Student perception, student performance | Medium |
| Chao | 2012 | Taiwan | Survey | 25 students | Authentication and security | Medium |
| Chebrolu | 2017 | India | Description | NA | Authentication and security | Low |
| Chen | 2018 | China | Exam data analysis | Not provided | Student performance | Medium |
| Chytrý | 2018 | Czech Republic | Exam data analysis | 115 students | Student performance | High |
| Daffin | 2018 | USA | Exam data analysis | 1694 students | Student performance | High |
| Dawson | 2016 | Australia | Description | NA | Cheating | Low |
| Ellis | 2016 | UK | Survey, exam data analysis | >120 students | Student performance | Medium |
| Gehringer | 2013 | USA | Survey | 85 staff and 315 students | Cheating, administration | Medium |
| Gold | 2009 | USA | Exam data analysis | 1800 students | Student performance | Medium |
| Guillen-Ganez | 2015 | Spain | Exam data analysis | 70 students | Authentication and security | Medium |
| HearnMoore | 2017 | USA | Description, exam data analysis | Not provided | Cheating | Medium |
| Hylton | 2016 | Jamaica | Survey, exam data analysis | 350 students | Cheating | High |
| Kolagari | 2018 | Iran | Test Anxiety Scale | 39 students | Anxiety | High |
| Kolski | 2018 | USA | Test Anxiety Scale, exam data analysis, interviews | 238 students | Anxiety | High |
| Kumar | 2015 | USA | Problem analysis | 2 staff | Anxiety | High |
| Li | 2015 | USA | Exam data analysis | 9 students | Cheating | High |
| Matthiasdottir | 2016 | Iceland | Survey | 183 students | Student perceptions, anxiety | Medium |
| Mitra | 2016 | USA | Interviews, survey | 5 staff; 30 students | Cheating, administration | Medium |
| Mohanna | 2015 | Saudi | Exam data analysis | 127 students | Student performance, technical issues | High |
| Oz | 2018 | Turkey | Exam data analysis | 97 students | Student performance | High |
| Pagram | 2018 | Australia | Interviews, survey | Interviews: 4 students, 2 staff; Survey: 6 students | Student perceptions, academic perceptions, anxiety | Medium |
| Park | 2017 | USA | Survey | 37 students | Student perception | Medium |
| Patel | 2014 | Saudi | Exam data analysis | 180 students | Student performance | High |
| Petrović | 2017 | Croatia | Exam data analysis | 591 students | Cheating | Medium |
| Rios | 2017 | USA | Exam data analysis, survey | 1126 students | Student performance, student perceptions, Authentication and security (under user friendliness) | High |
| Rodchua | 2011 | USA | Description | NA | Cheating | Low |
| Schmidt | 2009 | USA | Survey | 49 students | Student performance, academic perception, student perception, anxiety, tech issues | High |
| Stowell | 2010 | USA | Test Anxiety Scale, exam data analysis | 69 students | Anxiety | High |
| Sullivan | 2016 | USA | Exam data analysis, survey | 178 students | Cheating | Medium |
| Williams | 2009 | Singapore | Survey | 91 students | Student perception, cheating | Medium |
| Yong-Sheng | 2015 | China | Description | NA | Authentication and security | Low |
QAS, quality assessment score.