Table 2. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prevalent subclinical cerebrovascular diseases for conventional cardiovascular risk factors (N = 697)§.
| CAC | Lacunar infarction | DSWMH | PVH | Microbleeds | ICAS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors (interval/response) | ORs (95% CI) | ORs (95% CI) | ORs (95% CI) | ORs (95% CI) | ORs (95% CI) | ORs (95% CI) |
| Age (5 years) | 1.37 (1.23, 1.53)** | 1.55 (1.31, 1.83)** | 1.20 (1.05, 1.36)** | 1.52 (1.32, 1.76)** | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47)** | 1.23 (1.09, 1.39)** |
| Systolic blood pressure (10 mmHg) | 1.17 (1.05, 1.30)** | 1.23 (1.09, 1.38)** | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) | 1.24 (1.09, 1.42)** | 1.29 (1.16, 1.44)** |
| Antihypertensive medication (yes) | 1.53 (1.04, 2.26)* | 2.17 (1.43, 3.28)** | 1.65 (1.11, 2.44)* | 1.70 (1.16, 2.49)** | 1.05 (0.65, 1.70) | 1.75 (1.20, 2.53)** |
| LDL-cholesterol (10 mg/dL) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18)** |
| HDL-cholesterol (5 mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92)** |
| Triglycerides (10 mg/dL) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) |
| Lipid lowering medication (yes) | 1.74 (1.07, 2.84)* | 0.98 (0.60, 1.59) | 0.80 (0.49, 1.29) | 0.60 (0.37, 0.98)* | 0.82 (0.45, 1.50) | 1.50 (0.97, 2.32) |
| Diabetes (yes) | 3.04 (1.81, 5.10)** | 1.35 (0.85, 2.12) | 1.15 (0.74, 1.80) | 1.11 (0.72, 1.71) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.45) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.87) |
| Smoking: | ||||||
| Current (vs never) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.72) | 1.14 (0.59, 2.22) | 1.01 (0.56, 1.83) | 1.16 (0.64, 2.13) | 0.97 (0.45, 2.11) | 1.31 (0.73, 2.35) |
| Past (vs never) | 1.09 (0.70, 1.71) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.60) | 0.77 (0.48, 1.23) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.59) | 1.12 (0.62, 2.03) | 1.38 (0.87, 2.20) |
| Drinking: | ||||||
| Current (vs never) | 0.95 (0.57, 1.57) | 1.11 (0.61, 2.01) | 1.37 (0.77, 2.44) | 1.07 (0.63, 1.85) | 2.07 (0.91, 4.71) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.17) |
| Past (vs never) | 0.90 (0.36, 2.25) | 1.57 (0.59, 4.21) | 1.37 (0.50, 3.73) | 2.17 (0.89, 5.28) | 1.06 (0.25, 4.49) | 0.97 (0.41, 2.31) |
P < 0.05
P < 0.01.
All the risk factors listed in the table were simultaneously adjusted using logistic regression where CAC, lacunar infarction, DSWMH, PVH, microbleeds, and ICAS were used separately as dependent variables.
A total of 697 observations were analyzed, after excluding those with missing values of explanatory variables (antihypertensive medication, two missing; LDL-cholesterol, 10 missing; HDL-cholesterol, three missing; triglycerides, three missing; diabetes, three missing).
Abbreviations: CAC, coronary artery calcification; CI, confidence interval; DSWMH, deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ICAS, intracranial arterial stenosis; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ORs, odds ratio; PVH, periventricular white matter hyperintensity.
Definitions: Age, assessed at the examination for risk factor and CAC (2010–2014); diabetes, a fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5% or use of any antidiabetic medication; CAC, CAC scores > 0; lacunar infarction, number of lesions ≥ 1; DSWMH, grade ≥ 3; PVH, grade ≥ 2; microbleeds, number of lesions ≥ 1; ICAS, a stenosis of ≥ 1% identified in the basilar artery, plus the following five vessels bilaterally: intracranial segments of the internal carotid artery, the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, intracranial segments of the vertebral artery, and the posterior cerebral artery.