Table 3. Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prevalent subclinical cerebrovascular diseases according to coronary artery calcification category.
| CAC category (CAC scores) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Mild | Moderate to severe | P for trend§ | |
| (0) | (1–100) | (> 100) | ||
| n = 233 | n = 236 | n = 240 | ||
| Lacunar infarction | ||||
| N (%) | 22 (9) | 49 (21) | 70 (29) | |
| Unadjusted model | Reference | 2.51 (1.46, 4.31)** | 3.95 (2.35, 6.64)** | < 0.001 |
| Age adjusted model | Reference | 2.02 (1.16, 3.52)* | 2.83 (1.65, 4.83)** | 0.001 |
| Risk factor adjusted model‡ | Reference | 1.75 (0.98, 3.14) | 2.30 (1.29, 4.09)** | 0.020 |
| DSWMH | ||||
| N (%) | 34 (15) | 47 (20) | 69 (29) | |
| Unadjusted model | Reference | 1.46 (0.90, 2.36) | 2.36 (1.49, 3.74)** | < 0.001 |
| Age adjusted model | Reference | 1.32 (0.81, 2.16) | 2.03 (1.26, 3.27)** | 0.003 |
| Risk factor adjusted model‡ | Reference | 1.42 (0.85, 2.37) | 2.19 (1.32, 3.65)** | 0.004 |
| PVH | ||||
| N (%) | 41 (18) | 61 (26) | 71 (30) | |
| Unadjusted model | Reference | 1.63 (1.05, 2.55)* | 1.97 (1.27, 3.04)** | 0.015 |
| Age adjusted model | Reference | 1.27 (0.80, 2.03) | 1.34 (0.85, 2.12) | 0.384 |
| Risk factor adjusted model‡ | Reference | 1.31 (0.80, 2.12) | 1.38 (0.85, 2.26) | 0.379 |
| Microbleeds | ||||
| N (%) | 21 (9) | 35 (15) | 37 (15) | |
| Unadjusted model | Reference | 1.76 (0.99, 3.12) | 1.84 (1.04, 3.25)* | 0.156 |
| Age adjusted model | Reference | 1.51 (0.84, 2.70) | 1.45 (0.80, 2.60) | 0.533 |
| Risk factor adjusted model‡ | Reference | 1.61 (0.87, 2.96) | 1.32 (0.70, 2.51) | 0.972 |
| ICAS | ||||
| N (%) | 35 (15) | 68 (29) | 101 (42) | |
| Unadjusted model | Reference | 2.29 (1.45, 3.62)** | 4.11 (2.64, 6.39)** | < 0.001 |
| Age adjusted model | Reference | 2.03 (1.27, 3.22)** | 3.40 (2.16, 5.36)** | < 0.001 |
| Risk factor adjusted model‡ | Reference | 1.77 (1.08, 2.90)* | 2.63 (1.60, 4.31)** | < 0.001 |
P < 0.05
P < 0.01;
P-values for trend were calculated using the logistic regression applying the median value of the CAC score for each group.
In the risk factor adjusted model, a total of 697 observations were analyzed, after excluding those with missing values of explanatory variables.
Adjusting covariates for risk factor adjusted model: age (year), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), antihypertensive medication (two missing), LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL, 10 missing), HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL, three missing), triglycerides (mg/dL, three missing), lipid-lowering medication, diabetes (three missing), smoking, and drinking habits (current, past, never).
Abbreviations: CAC, coronary artery calcification; DSWMH, deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ICAS, intracranial arterial stenosis; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PVH, periventricular white matter hyperintensity.
Definitions: Age, assessed at the examination for risk factor and CAC (2010–2014); hypertension, systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or use of any antihypertensive medication; diabetes, a fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5% or use of any antidiabetic medication; lacunar infarction, number of lesions ≥ 1; DSWMH, grade ≥ 3; PVH, grade ≥ 2; microbleeds, number of lesions ≥ 1; ICAS, a stenosis of ≥ 1% identified in the basilar artery, plus the following five vessels bilaterally: intracranial segments of the internal carotid artery, the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, intracranial segments of the vertebral artery, and the posterior cerebral artery.