Table 3.
Multivariable weighted linear regression of factors associated with total and OOP per capita expenditure for ophthalmic medications among adult MEPS participants using any ophthalmic medications.
| Total Expenditure | Out-of-pocket Expenditure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable analysis β ($) (95% CI) | P-value | Multivariable analysis β ($) (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Cycle | 23.55 (5.02 to 42.08) | 0.03 | −10.84 (−16.50 to −5.18) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Female | 31.96 (−22.32 to 86.24) | 0.50 | 1.35 (−15.49 to 18.19) | 0.99 |
| Age category | ||||
| 18–39 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 40–64 | 178.84 (131.59 to 226.08) | <0.001 | 47.55 (33.48 to 61.62) | <0.001 |
| 65 and over | 221.63 (114.70 to 328.56) | <0.001 | 101.41 (75.20 to 127.63) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 36.25 (−20.99 to 93.49) | 0.42 | −5.24 (−21.85 to 11.37) | 0.99 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 58.93 (−37.90 to 15.77) | 0.46 | −18.42 (−40.31 to 3.47) | 0.28 |
| Hispanic | 55.51 (−26.09 to 137.11) | 0.36 | −23.89 (−39.16 to −8.62) | 0.004 |
| Other | 181.52 (−38.85 to 401.89) | 0.21 | 11.76 (−39.90 to 63.42) | 0.99 |
| Insurance status | ||||
| Uninsured | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Private | 117.77 (61.28 to 174.27) | <0.001 | −25.35 (−51.86 to −1.18) | 0.10 |
| Medicaid | 28.67 (−39.85 to 97.20) | 0.82 | −50.89 (−79.51 to −22.28) | <0.001 |
| Any Medicare | 252.76 (154.16 to 351.36) | <0.001 | −34.14 (−64.59 to −3.68) | 0.05 |
| Other (public/private) | 78.89 (−124.95 to 282.73) | 0.90 | −34.26 (−78.18 to 9.65) | 0.25 |
| Family income level | ||||
| <100% FPL | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 100–124% FPL | −57.19 (−150.70 to 36.31) | 0.46 | 4.00 (−20.60 to 28.60) | 0.99 |
| 125%–199% FPL | −41.85 (−129.82 to 46.13) | 0.70 | 40.10 (13.21 to 66.99) | 0.02 |
| 200–399% FPL | −53.19 (−129.50 to 23.12) | 0.34 | 29.81 (12.66 to 46.95) | 0.002 |
| >400% FPL | 16.60 (−74.92 to 108.12) | 0.99 | 49.52 (29.35 to 69.69) | <0.001 |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Midwest | −141.84 (−262.53 to −21.16) | 0.04 | −40.73 (−78.27 to −2.01) | 0.08 |
| South | −152.56 (−268.14 to −36.44) | 0.02 | −47.19 (−84.59 to −11.93) | 0.02 |
| West | −177.35 (−301.64 to −53.06) | 0.01 | −50.10 (−87.63 to −12.56) | 0.02 |
| Visually impaired | ||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 208.24 (59.15 to 357.34) | 0.01 | 91.79 (51.44 to 132.13) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; OOP, out-of-pocket, CI, confidence interval; FPL, federal poverty line