Table 3.

Comparison of anthropometric and body composition measurements and biochemical parameters between the two groups

Variables	Intervention group (n = 57)		P1	Control group (n = 43)		P2	Changes between the two groups (95% CI)	P value (intervention vs. control)
	Before	After		Before	After
Weight (kg)	67.8 ± 11.7	65.6 ± 11.7	< 0.001	66.4 ± 15.7	65.6 ± 16.3	0.030	− 1.4 (− 2.2, − 0.6)	0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.5 ± 2.9	24.8 ± 2.9	< 0.001	25.2 ± 4.0	25.0 ± 4.3	0.228	− 0.5 (− 0.9, − 0.2)	0.006
Skeletal muscle mass(kg)	24.6 ± 6.0	24.5 ± 6.0	0.484	24.3 ± 6.2	24.1 ± 6.2	0.062	0.1 (− 0.2, 0.5)	0.437
Body fat mass (kg)	22.7 ± 5.4	20.8 ± 5.5	< 0.001	21.8 ± 7.7	21.5 ± 8.3	0.372	− 1.6 (− 2.4, − 0.8)	< 0.001
Percentage body fat (%)	33.7 ± 6.2	31.9 ± 6.6	< 0.001	32.5 ± 6.8	32.3 ± 6.6	0.738	− 1.7 (− 2.6, − 0.7)	0.001
Visceral fat area (cm2)	111.6 ± 30.1	101.7 ± 30.7	< 0.001	105.4 ± 40.2	104.7 ± 42.2	0.654	− 9.1 (− 13.9, − 4.4)	< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/l)	5.66 ± 0.56	5.46 ± 0.68	0.003	5.58 ± 0.62	5.40 ± 0.66	0.029	− 0.02 (− 2.22, 0.18)	0.845
HbA1c (%)	6.00 ± 0.39	5.77 ± 0.34	< 0.001	6.06 ± 0.40	5.93 ± 0.41	0.007	− 0.10 (− 0.22, 0.03)	0.120
Triglycerides(mmol/l)	1.78 ± 1.26	1.40 ± 0.69	0.004	1.77 ± 1.47	1.76 ± 1.56	0.902	− 0.36 (− 0.68, − 0.04)	0.029
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.54 ± 1.18	5.40 ± 1.02	0.040	5.53 ± 1.02	5.49 ± 1.02	0.746	− 0.10 (− 0.39, 0.18)	0.472
HDL‐cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.43 ± 0.32	1.31 ± 0.28	< 0.001	1.49 ± 0.34	1.31 ± 0.26	< 0.001	0.06 (− 0.03, 0.14)	0.177
LDL‐cholesterol (mmol/l)	3.30 ± 1.13	3.45 ± 0.96	0.033	3.37 ± 0.84	3.37 ± 1.05	0.997	0.15 (− 0.11,0.41)	0.243

BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL-cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, P1 P value before and after intervention in the intervention group, P2 P value before and after intervention in the control group