Fig. 18.

In vitro intracellular PL lifetime thermal sensing using CDs. a PL emission decays of HeLa cells incubated with CDs (500 μg/mL) at different temperatures (T_set). b Temperatures determined using the calibration (T_meas) and set temperatures (T_set) plotted against the PL lifetime. c–f Applicability of CDs for long-term remote intracellular temperature monitoring. c PL lifetimes extracted from PL transients recorded every 15 min for 24 h of HeLa cells incubated with CDs (500 μg/mL). d Temperatures determined using the calibration curve. e Temperatures measured with a reference thermometer (T_ref). f Histogram showing the distribution of temperature differences between the obtained and reference temperatures; the solid line is the distribution curve. (Reproduced from reference [89])