Table 1.
Comparison of countries grouped into elevated versus baseline COVID-19 deaths
| Variable | Mean values | Difference of means | One-way ANOVA, pb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated risk countries (n = 10)a | Other countries (n = 83) | |||
| CMR | 53.6 | 5.2 | 48.4 | <0.001 |
| CFR | 11.1 | 3.3 | 7.77 | <0.001 |
| Cases | 346,000 | 62,000 | 284,000 | <0.001 |
| Disease burdenc | ||||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 1331 | 776 | 555 | <0.001 |
| Lung cancer | 107 | 45 | 62 | <0.001 |
| COPD | 6438 | 4561 | 1877 | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 6142 | 4605 | 1537 | 0.016 |
| Diabetes | 9720 | 8062 | 1658 | 0.086 |
| IHD | 3005 | 2335 | 670 | 0.120 |
| Depression | 2711 | 2216 | 495 | 0.012 |
| Hypertension | 227 | 267 | −40 | 0.490 |
| Socioeconomic factorsd | ||||
| GDP per capita | 48,804 | 19,282 | 29,522 | <0.001 |
| Age ≥ 65 years, millions | 12 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 0.380 |
| Urbanization (%) | 24 | 29 | −4.6 | 0.430 |
| Population density | 188 | 246 | −58 | 0.839 |
| Unemployment (%) | 7.2 | 6.8 | 0.38 | 0.827 |
| SDI | 0.69 | 0.72 | −0.03 | 0.543 |
a
Countries reporting more than 25 COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population.
b
Statistical significance on Tukey’s post hoc testing with one-way ANOVA.
c
Prevalence rates per 100,000 in 2017 from GBD study data set.
d
Data from the World Bank, 2018.
CMR, COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population; CFR, COVID-19 deaths per 100 confirmed cases.