Table 2.
Results from univariate linear regression analysis on the associations of relative handgrip strength (strength/BMI) and dominant handgrip strength (kg) with cardiometabolic markers
| Predictor | Men |
Women |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged 20–64 y |
Aged 65–80 y |
Aged 20–64 y |
Aged 65–80 y |
|||||
| β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Dominant hand grip strength (kg) | ||||||||
| Age (y) | -0.07 (-0.09 to -0.04) | <0.001 | -0.61 (-0.70 to -0.53) | <0.001 | -0.02 (-0.04 to -0.01) | 0.003 | -0.37 (-0.43 to -0.31) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.48 (0.39 to 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.32 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.25) | 0.005 |
| WC (cm) | 0.14 (0.10 to 0.17) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.08 to 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.03 (-0.01 to 0.07) | 0.151 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.004 | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04) | 0.591 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | 0.251 | 0.00 (-0.02 to 0.02) | 0.890 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.11 to 0.20) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.05) | <0.001 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | 0.002 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.014 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.012 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.752 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.763 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | -0.02 (-0.04 to 0.01) | 0.264 | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.09) | 0.054 | -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.00) | 0.061 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.003 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | 0.123 | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.008 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.543 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | 0.092 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | -0.01 (-0.02 to 0.00) | 0.082 | 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.02) | 0.369 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.02) | 0.455 | 0.00 (-0.02 to 0.01) | 0.504 |
| HbA1C (%) | -0.27 (-0.59 to 0.05) | 0.095 | -0.06 (-0.55 to 0.42) | 0.794 | -0.08 (-0.40 to 0.23) | 0.618 | -0.25 (-0.62 to 0.12) | 0.189 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | -0.17 (-0.29 to -0.06) | 0.004 | -0.20 (-0.35 to -0.05) | 0.010 | 0.04 (-0.04 to 0.12) | 0.283 | -0.16 (-0.29 to -0.04) | 0.011 |
| Physical activity (min/wk) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.005 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | -1.54 (-2.46 to -0.61) | 0.001 | 0.03 (-1.11 to 1.18) | 0.954 | -0.64 (-1.35 to 0.07) | 0.078 | -0.99 (-1.78 to -0.19) | 0.016 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.06 (0.42 to 1.70) | 0.001 | 1.49 (0.51 to 2.47) | 0.003 | 0.03 (-0.32 to 0.38) | 0.871 | 1.39 (0.54 to 2.24) | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 0.83 (0.24 to 1.41) | 0.006 | 0.00 (-1.38 to 1.38) | 0.997 | 0.89 (0.02 to 1.76) | 0.045 | -0.94 (-3.20 to 1.32) | 0.414 |
| Drinking | 1.75 (1.07 to 2.42) | <0.001 | 1.53 (0.49 to 2.58) | 0.004 | 0.67 (0.31 to 1.02) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.03 to 1.76) | 0.042 |
| Relative hand grip strength (kg/BMI) | ||||||||
| Age (y) | -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.01) | <0.001 | -0.04 (-0.05 to -0.04) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.01) | <0.001 | -0.03 (-0.03 to -0.02) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | -0.09 (-0.10 to -0.09) | <0.001 | -0.08 (-0.09 to -0.06) | <0.001 | -0.07 (-0.07 to -0.07) | <0.001 | -0.05 (-0.06 to -0.04) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | -0.03 (-0.04 to -0.03) | <0.001 | -0.02 (-0.03 to -0.02) | <0.001 | -0.02 (-0.02 to -0.02) | <0.001 | -0.02 (-0.02 to -0.01) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.01) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.623 | -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.01) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.996 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.01) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.01) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.040 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.208 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.005 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.007 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.006 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.030 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.204 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.028 |
| HbA1C (%) | -0.11 (-0.14 to -0.08) | <0.001 | -0.06 (-0.11 to -0.01) | 0.011 | -0.14 (-0.17 to -0.12) | <0.001 | -0.05 (-0.08 to -0.01) | 0.004 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | -0.04 (-0.05 to -0.03) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.00) | 0.059 | -0.04 (-0.05 to -0.03) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.02 to 0.00) | 0.012 |
| Physical activity (min/wk) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.007 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | -0.33 (-0.40 to -0.26) | <0.001 | -0.13 (-0.23 to -0.02) | 0.019 | -0.34 (-0.40 to -0.28) | <0.001 | -0.12 (-0.19 to -0.04) | 0.002 |
| Dyslipidemia | -0.19 (-0.24 to -0.13) | <0.001 | 0.00 (-0.08 to 0.09) | 0.955 | -0.18 (-0.21 to -0.15) | <0.001 | 0.04 (-0.03 to 0.11) | 0.277 |
| Smoking | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.14) | <0.001 | 0.10 (-0.01 to 0.20) | 0.077 | 0.02 (-0.06 to 0.10) | 0.610 | -0.08 (-0.23 to 0.07) | 0.281 |
| Drinking | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.23) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.02 to 0.21) | 0.013 | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.00 to 0.14) | 0.049 |
Values are from linear regression analysis; coefficients are unstandardized.
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.