Table 3.
Results from multivariate linear regression analysis of the associations of relative handgrip strength (strength/BMI) and dominant handgrip strength (kg) with cardiometabolic markers
| Predictor | Men |
Women |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged 20–64 y |
Aged 65–80 y |
Aged 20–64 y |
Aged 65–80 y |
|||||
| β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Dominant hand grip strength (kg) | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.65 (0.46 to 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.21 (-0.13 to 0.56) | 0.218 | 0.18 (0.07 to 0.29) | 0.002 | 0.10 (-0.07 to 0.27) | 0.241 |
| WC (cm) | -0.07 (-0.14 to 0.00) | 0.062 | 0.06 (-0.05 to 0.17) | 0.263 | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.09) | 0.045 | 0.02 (-0.05 to 0.08) | 0.613 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | 0.614 | -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.02) | 0.633 | -0.03 (-0.05 to 0.00) | 0.019 | 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03) | 0.430 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 0.03 (-0.01 to 0.08) | 0.118 | 0.06 (0.00 to 0.12) | 0.042 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | 0.001 | 0.01 (-0.03 to 0.05) | 0.639 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.402 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.365 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.020 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.396 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04) | 0.485 | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.09) | 0.005 | -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.00) | 0.187 | 0.02 (-0.01 to 0.04) | 0.248 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.01) | 0.903 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | 0.079 | -0.01 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.118 | 0.00 (-0.01 to 0.01) | 0.672 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.02) | 0.604 | 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.04) | 0.418 | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.112 | 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03) | 0.178 |
| HbA1C (%) | 0.18 (-0.40 to 0.75) | 0.544 | -0.68 (-1.45 to 0.10) | 0.086 | -0.31 (-0.82 to 0.19) | 0.225 | 0.02 (-0.57 to 0.61) | 0.951 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | -0.19 (-0.29 to -0.08) | <0.001 | -0.12 (-0.25 to 0.01) | 0.069 | -0.09 (-0.17 to -0.01) | 0.028 | -0.14 (-0.27 to 0.00) | 0.045 |
| Physical activity (min/wk) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.022 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.009 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.471 |
| Diabetes | -1.37 (-2.72 to -0.02) | 0.046 | 0.22 (-1.15 to 1.59) | 0.754 | -1.38 (-2.48 to -0.27) | 0.015 | -1.23 (-2.36 to -0.09) | 0.035 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.43 (-0.28 to 1.15) | 0.235 | 0.22 (-0.80 to 1.24) | 0.668 | 0.24 (-0.20 to 0.68) | 0.284 | 0.68 (-0.21 to 1.58) | 0.136 |
| R2 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.17 | ||||
| Relative hand grip strength (kg/BMI) | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | -0.08 (-0.09 to -0.06) | <0.001 | -0.10 (-0.12 to -0.07) | <0.001 | -0.07 (-0.08 to -0.06) | <0.001 | -0.06 (-0.07 to -0.04) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | -0.01 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.073 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.230 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.080 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.598 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.509 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.952 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.015 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.398 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.065 | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.024 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.526 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.519 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.408 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.009 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.111 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.052 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.003 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.634 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.683 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.815 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.149 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.017 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.959 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.276 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.197 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.085 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.114 |
| HbA1C (%) | 0.03 (-0.01 to 0.07) | 0.175 | -0.06 (-0.12 to 0.00) | 0.067 | -0.02 (-0.06 to 0.02) | 0.327 | -0.01 (-0.06 to 0.03) | 0.600 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | -0.01 (-0.02 to -0.01) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.02 to 0.00) | 0.122 | -0.01 (-0.01 to 0.00) | 0.034 | -0.01 (-0.02 to 0.00) | 0.029 |
| Physical activity (min/wk) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.009 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.011 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.126 |
| Diabetes | -0.12 (-0.22 to -0.02) | 0.017 | -0.03 (-0.14 to 0.08) | 0.595 | -0.10 (-0.18 to -0.02) | 0.020 | -0.08 (-0.17 to 0.01) | 0.085 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.01 (-0.05 to 0.06) | 0.847 | 0.00 (-0.09 to 0.08) | 0.950 | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.05) | 0.428 | 0.06 (-0.01 to 0.14) | 0.083 |
| R2 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.30 | ||||
Values are from linear regression analysis; coefficients are unstandardized. Age was adjusted for in the multivariate linear model.
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.