Fig. 5.

Tubular fluid flow along the superficial nephrons of male and female rat models. Flow profiles along the juxtamedullary nephrons are similar to the corresponding superficial nephrons. The single nephron glomerular filtration rate in the female rat is 80% that of the male rat. However, proximal tubular outflow is slightly higher in female rats because of its lower water reabsorption. That excess fluid is reabsorbed along the distal segments, so that urine output is similar in the two sexes. PT, proximal tubule; SDL, short descending limb; LDL, thin descending limb; LAL, thin ascending limb; TAL, thick ascending limb; DCT, distal convoluted tubule; CNT, connecting tubule; CD, collecting duct.