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. 2020 Sep 4;12:575863. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.575863

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Copyright © 2020 McLeod, Boyle, Marzo, Martin-Flores, Moe, Palomer, Gibb and Salinas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Postsynaptic Dvl1 gain of function increases the innervation of spines and the formation of MIS. (A) Representative images of dendrites expressing EGFP-actin (green) and empty vector (control) or Dvl1-HA and immunostained for vGlut1 (red) and PSD-95 (blue). Dvl1 expression increases the proportion of spines contacted by more than one vGlut1 (asterisks) puncta and spines containing more than one discrete PSD-95 puncta (multiple PSDs; arrowhead) when compared to control neurons. Scale bar = 5μm. Three-dimensional zoomed-in images display front (top) and back (bottom) representations of spines with one or more vGlut1 and PSD95 puncta. (B) Quantification of the distribution of number of vGlut1 and PSD-95 puncta per spine (n = 37–42 cells from 3 independent cultures, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test).