TABLE 1.

The application of oncolytic virus for cancer diagnosis.

Imaging techniques	Cancer	Viruses	Genes	Results
Bioluminescence imaging (27)	Breast cancer	Herpes simplex virus, Herpes simplex virus-1, Herpes simplex virus-Luc	Luciferase	Viral replication cycles can be monitored by bioluminescence imaging
Fluorescence imaging (28)	Breast cancer	Vaccinia virus, Lister strain GLV 1h153	Green fluorescent protein	All positive surgical margins can be observed through FI by the infection of GLV-1h153
SPECT/CT (29)	Prostate cancer	Adenovirus serotype, adenovirus serotype 5, adenovirus serotype 5-yCD/mutTKSR3 9rep-hNIS	Human Na+/I- symporter gene	Tumor imaging was detected in seven of nine (78%) patients
PET (30)	Gastric cancer	Vaccinia virus, Lister strain, GLV-1h153	Human Na+/I- symporter gene	Tumor imaging can be visualized through 99mTc pertechnetate SPECT and 124I PET by the infection of hNIS expressing GLV-1h153
MRI (31)	Prostate tumor	Vaccinia virus, Lister strain, GLV-1h68, GLV-1h312, GLV-1h460, GLV-1h462	Tyrosinase, Tyrosinase p1, Tyrosinase p2, Melanin	The tumor signal enhancement of MRI can be detected after infection of GLV-1h462. The expression of melanin can be controlled by the doxycycline inducible promoter-system and thereby decrease inhibition of viral replication due to melanin overproduction

GLV, green fluorescent protein-expressing vaccinia virus.