Table 1.
Weighted Characteristics of Study Sample with and without Type 2 Diabetes
| Type 2 Diabetes (n=752) | Non-Diabetes (n=4234) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.13 ± 5.45 | 49.20 ± 5.72 | <0.001 |
| Gender (%) | 0.018 | ||
| Male | 55.81 | 50.47 | |
| Female | 44.19 | 49.53 | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 13.99 | 8.13 | |
| Other Hispanic | 8.61 | 5.97 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.63 | 66.81 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 17.50 | 10.52 | |
| Other race - including multi-racial | 13.27 | 8.57 | |
| Educational level (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Less than 9th grade | 7.90 | 4.34 | |
| 9–11th grade | 14.55 | 9.26 | |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 23.01 | 22.01 | |
| Some college or AA degree | 34.40 | 30.25 | |
| College graduate or above | 20.14 | 34.13 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.75 ± 7.38 | 29.09 ± 6.34 | <0.001 |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 2.75 ± 1.66 | 3.32 ± 1.62 | <0.001 |
| Vigorous recreational activities (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 48.09 | 43.87 | |
| No | 51.91 | 56.11 | |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life (%) | 0.163 | ||
| Yes | 13.67 | 26.82 | |
| No | 86.33 | 73.18 | |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.01 ± 2.11 | 4.76 ± 1.52 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 78.21 ± 58.29 | 76.39 ± 20.60 | 0.140 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 71.05 ± 4.78 | 70.73 ± 4.32 | 0.107 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.01 ± 1.31 | 5.24 ± 1.01 | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 75.00 ± 24.50 | 68.31 ± 22.86 | <0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (µmol/L) | 321.51 ± 85.45 | 318.33 ± 80.02 | 0.381 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 138.19 ± 2.92 | 139.30 ± 2.21 | <0.001 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.04 ± 0.36 | 3.97 ± 0.32 | <0.001 |
| Serum phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 1.18 ± 0.17 | 0.077 |
| Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.34 ± 0.09 | 2.33 ± 0.09 | 0.020 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 7.86 ± 1.98 | 5.45 ± 0.35 | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose (mmol/L) | 9.39 ± 4.62 | 5.20 ± 0.75 | <0.001 |
| Disease duration of diabetes (years) | 7.12 ± 5.73 | / | / |
| Lumbar bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.06 ± 0.16 | 1.03 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
Notes: Mean ± SD for continuous variables: P-value was calculated by weighted linear regression model. % for categorical variables: P-value was calculated by weighted chi-square test.