Table 2.

Associations Between Type 2 Diabetes Status and Lumbar Bone Mineral Density (g/cm²)

	Model 1 β (95% CI, P)	Model 2 β (95% CI, P)	Model 3 β (95% CI, P)
Non-diabetes	Reference	Reference	Reference
Type 2 diabetes	0.039 (0.025, 0.052) <0.001	0.045 (0.031, 0.059) <0.001	0.035 (0.014, 0.055) <0.001
Males
Non-diabetes	Reference	Reference	Reference
Type 2 diabetes	0.054 (0.035, 0.074) <0.001	0.051 (0.032, 0.071) <0.001	0.033 (0.003, 0.062) 0.029
Females
Non-diabetes	Reference	Reference	Reference
Type 2 diabetes	0.019 (−0.001, 0.039) 0.057	0.036 (0.016, 0.055) <0.001	0.035 (0.008, 0.062) 0.012

Notes: Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age, gender, race were adjusted. Model 3: age, gender, race, educational level, body mass index, ratio of family income to poverty, vigorous recreational activities, smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein, total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum uric acid, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum phosphorus, serum calcium, glycohemoglobin, and serum glucose were adjusted.