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Synopsis of release and impact of exosomes in sepsis. Cellular signaling initiated by PAMPs-PRRs interaction or cell stress promotes the release of exosomes enriched with cytokines, DAMPs, and miRNAs. The released exosomes induce cellular signaling via PRRs, NF-κB or caspase-1, leading to apoptosis, M1 polarization, and cytokine release.
