Table 1.
Recent studies on the effects of probiotics on hyperlipidemia.
| Author, year | Model (human/animal) | Gender | Probiotics | Dosage and duration | Changes in gut microbiota | Lipid changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falcinelli et al., 2015 [11] | Zebrafish | Female and male | Lactobacillus rhamnosus | 1 × 106 CFU/ml 18 hours | Increased Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus thermophilus; reduced Actinomyces | Reduced TC and TG |
| In Kim et al., 2019 [12] | C57BL/6 mice | Male | Lactobacillus plantarumLC27, Bifidobacterium longumLC67 | 1 × 109 CFU/ml 4 weeks | Reduced Firmicutes and Proteobacteria | Reduced TC and LDL-C; increased HDL-C |
| Wang et al., 2018 [21] | Human | No description | Bifidobacterium bifidum TMC3115 | 3 × 1010 CFU/mL 3 weeks | Increased Firmicutes; reduced Bacteroides | Reduced TC and LDL-C |
| Costabile et al., 2017 [22] | Human | 34 females, 15 males | Lactobacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402 | 2 × 109 CFU/ml 12 weeks | No significant differences | Reduced TC and TG; increased HDL-C |
| Shin et al., 2018 [30] | Sprague Dawley rats | Male | A probiotic formulation containing 2 Lactobacillus strains, 3 Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus thermophilus ST3 | 1 × 107 CFU/ml 8 weeks | Increased Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium; reduced Firmicutes | Reduced TC, TG, and LDL-C |
| Salazar et al., 2019 [31] | C57BL/6 mice | Male | B. animalis IPLA R1 strain | 5 × 108 CFU/ml 10 days | Increased Bifidobacterium | Reduced TG |
| wang et al., 2017 [32] | Chicks | Male | Lactobacillus johnsonii | 1 × 106 CFU/ml 42 days | Increased Bacteroides and Lactobacillus; reduced Escherichia coli | Reduced TG and LDL-C increased HDL-C |
| Chen et al., 2015 [29] | Wistar rats | Male | Lactobacillus rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 | 109 CFU/ml 28 days | Increased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Enterococcus; reduced Escherichia coli and Clostridium | Reduced TC and TG |
| Park et al., 2018 [34] | C57BL/6JTacN mice | Male | Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain BFE5264 | 1 × 1010 CFU/ml 9 weeks | Increased Mucispirillum | Reduced TC and LDL-C; increased HDL-C |
| lyea et al, 2017 [35] | BALB/c mice | Male | Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 8312 | 1 × 109 CFU/ml 7 weeks | Increased Akkermansia, Desulfovibrio, Oscillospira, and Lactobacillus | Reduced TC and LDL-C; increased HDL-C |
| Zhu et al., 2019 [38] | C57BL/6J mice | Male | Enterococcus faecalis ATCC19433 | 5 × 109 CFU/ml 4 weeks | Increased Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides; reduced Firmicutes | Reduced TC and LDL-C |
| Briand et al., 2019 [40] | Golden Syrian hamsters | Male | Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 | 3g/kg 39 days | Increased Proteobacteria and Lentispharerae; reduced Firmicutes, and Tenericutes | Reduced TC; reduced HDL-C at 21 days |
| Liu et al., 2017 [36] | Immature kunming rats | Male | Lactic Acid Bacteria 96 | 1 × 109 cfu/mL 5 weeks | Reduced Escherichia coli | Reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C |
| Ichim et al., 2016 [37] | C57BL/6J mice | No description | DBR:a proprietary blend of 9 probiotic organisms and 10 digestive enzymes | 65 μg/ml 8 weeks | Increased Lactobacilli | Reduced LDL-C; increased HDL-C |
CFU: colony-forming units; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.