Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics in the presence and absence of adverse childhood experiences.
| Variables | Total (N = 1615) | Group without ACE (N = 588) | Group with ACE (N = 1027) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at assessment (years; mean ± SD) | 44.00 ± 12.91 | 43.75 ± 14.20 | 44.14 ± 12.11 | 0.43a |
| Sex (male/female) | 588/1027 | 248/340 | 340/687 | <0.001**b |
| AAO (years, mean ± SD) | 18.69 ± 9.44 | 20.69 ± 9.91 | 17.55 ± 8.97 | <0.001**c |
| Number of manic episodes per year | 0.52 ± 1.29 | 0.45 ± 0.81 | 0.55 ± 1.50 | 0.224a |
| Number of depressive episodes per year | 0.81 ± 2.02 | 0.87 ± 2.55 | 0.78 ± 1.64 | 0.46a |
| History of psychotic episodes (%) | 69.1 | 69.3 | 69.0 | 0.94b |
| History of suicide attempts (%) | 50.3 | 41.9 | 55.1 | <0.001**b |
| History of mixed features (%) | 48.0 | 40.2 | 52.5 | <0.001**b |
| Presence of substance misuse (%) | 58.3 | 53.0 | 61.3 | <0.01*b |
| Presence of decreased functioning (%) | 84.6 | 79.8 | 87.4 | <0.001**b |
| Number of ACE (CLES score) | 1.35 ± 1.42 | 0 | 2.12 ± 1.24 | NA |
Data are mean ± SD values.
SD standard deviation, ACE adverse childhood experience, AAO age at onset, CLES childhood life events scale, NA nonavailable.
*p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.
aMann–Whitney test.
bGoodness-of-fit test.
cIndependent t-test.