Table 1.
Anthropometric (A) and analytical (B) parameters at baseline, after 4 months, and 12 months of intervention in the total study population and by gender (mean ± SD)
| Baseline (B) | 4 months (4 m) | 12 months (12 m) | p (B vs 4 m) | p (B vs 12 m) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||||
| Body weight (kg) | All | 46.2 ± 10.2 | 46.9 ± 10.5 | 50.2 ± 11.1 | 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 48.2 ± 10.0 | 48.9 ± 10.5 | 50.7 ± 11.2 | 0.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Girls | 44.0 ± 10.0 | 44.8 ± 10.1 | 49.7 ± 11.0 | 0.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Height (cm) | All | 136.0 ± 9.2 | 137.9 ± 8.9 | 141.9 ± 9.1 | 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 138.4 ± 7.9 | 140.3 ± 7.9 | 143.2 ± 9.0 | 0.2 | < 0.001 | |
| Girls | 133.3 ± 9.4 | 135.2 ± 9.2 | 140.6 ± 9.1 | 0.3 | < 0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | All | 24.7 ± 3.5 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 24.7 ± 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Boys | 25.0 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Girls | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 0.8 | 0.04 | |
| WC (cm) | All | 79.8 ± 9.0 | 80.6 ± 9.7 | 81.2 ± 9.7 | 0.5 | 0.001 |
| Boys | 81.4 ± 9.9 | 82.4 ± 10.3 | 82.4 ± 10.5 | 0.6 | 0.003 | |
| Girls | 78.1 ± 7.7 | 78.8 ± 8.6 | 79.9 ± 8.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | |
| SBP/DBP (mmHg) | All | 107 ± 12/69 ± 11 | 108 ± 13/70 ± 9 | 110 ± 12/71 ± 10 | 0.7/0.3 | 0.02/0.3 |
| Boys | 108 ± 11/71 ± 11 | 109 ± 10/70 ± 7 | 109 ± 10/70 ± 8 | 0.5/0.7 | 0.5/0.6 | |
| Girls | 105 ± 14/67 ± 10 | 106 ± 16/71 ± 11 | 111 ± 13/71 ± 12 | 0.8/0.1 | 0.001/0.1 | |
| B | ||||||
|
Glucose (mg/dL) NV 70–110 |
All | 81.1 ± 9.1 | 80.5 ± 9.8 | 85.4 ± 7.7 | 0.64 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 81.8 ± 7.7 | 81,3 ± 10.0 | 84.8 ± 7.4 | 0.78 | 0.03 | |
| Girls | 80.2 ± 10.5 | 79.5 ± 9.6 | 86.1 ± 8.2 | 0.71 | < 0.001 | |
|
HbA1c (%) NV 4.0–6.0 |
All | 5.29 ± 0.24 | 5.29 ± 0.23 | 5.26 ± 0.24 | 0.55 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 5.29 ± 0.23 | 5.27 ± 0.24 | 5.25 ± 0.23 | 0.75 | 0.001 | |
| Girls | 5.30 ± 0.24 | 5.30 ± 0.23 | 5.28 ± 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.05 | |
|
Insulin (μUI/mL) NV 4.0–16.0 |
All | 21.2 ± 11.5 | 19.1 ± 10.9 | 14.6 ± 7.7 | 0.16 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 20.6 ± 9.7 | 18.0 ± 8.0 | 14.0 ± 6.7 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | |
| Girls | 22.0 ± 13.2 | 20.5 ± 12.8 | 15.3 ± 8.9 | 0.57 | < 0.001 | |
|
HOMA-IR index NV ≤ 3.4 |
All | 4.3 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 0.19 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 0.18 | < 0.001 | |
| Girls | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 4.1 ± 3.0 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 0.55 | 0.001 | |
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) NV < 200 mg/dL |
All | 162.1 ± 27.3 | 161.9 ± 30.0 | 160.7 ± 26.5 | 0.9 | 0.71 |
| Boys | 162.5 ± 29.4 | 164.8 ± 31.1 | 160.4 ± 26.6 | 0.67 | 0.80 | |
| Girls | 161.6 ± 25.0 | 158.8 ± 28.8 | 161.0 ± 26.7 | 0.57 | 0.33 | |
|
LDL-c (mg/dL) NV < 130 mg/dL |
All | 95.2 ± 22.5 | 95.6 ± 23.4 | 96.1 ± 23.7 | 0.93 | 0.41 |
| Boys | 95.5 ± 24.6 | 96.9 ± 23.7 | 96.1 ± 24.9 | 0.77 | 0.86 | |
| Girls | 95 ± 20.0 | 93.7 ± 23.2 | 96.1 ± 22.6 | 0.79 | 0.28 | |
|
HDL-c (mg/dL) NV > 50 mg/dL |
All | 49.4 ± 11.3 | 45.9 ± 11.6 | 48.0 ± 10.7 | 0.04 | 0.39 |
| Boys | 49.9 ± 11.4 | 48.3 ± 11.9 | 48.5 ± 10.9 | 0.50 | 0.51 | |
| Girls | 48.7 ± 11.2 | 42.5 ± 10.5 | 47.3 ± 10.6 | 0.01 | 0.59 | |
|
TG (mg/dL) NV < 150 mg/dl |
All | 77.0 (59.0–100.0) | 58 (76–99.8) | 73 (55–103) | 0.75 | 0.49 |
| Boys | 77.0 (58–100.0) | 71 (51–193.8) | 72 (52–99) | 0.44 | 0.66 | |
| Girls | 77.0 (62.8–99.3) | 82.2 (61.0–106.3) | 76 (56–107) | 0.23 | 0.60 | |
|
IL-6 (pg/ml) NV 3.13–12.5 |
All | 0.18 ± 0.16 | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 0.98 ± 1.19 | 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 0.17 ± 0.16 | 0.18 ± 0.16 | 0.88 ± 1.08 | 0.13 | 0.001 | |
| Girls | 0.20 ± 0.16 | 0.20 ± 0.15 | 1.08 ± 1.31 | 0.30 | < 0.001 | |
|
TNFa (pg/ml) NV < 15.6 |
All | 0.21 ± 0.16 | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 0.35 ± 0.38 | 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Boys | 0.21 ± 0.15 | 0.18 ± 0.14 | 0.32 ± 0.34 | 0.01 | < 0.001 | |
| Girls | 0.22 ± 0.18 | 0.19 ± 0.17 | 0.38 ± 0.43 | 0.55 | < 0.001 | |
(A) BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure
All, n = 131 participants (n = 70 boys and n = 61 girls; p = 0.65)
(B) HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, IL-6 interleukin 6, TNFa tumor necrosis factor alpha
All, n = 131 participants (n = 70 boys and n = 61 girls; p = 0.65)