Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Healthy weight (n = 238) | Obese (n = 226) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 180) | P value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 17.72 ± 3.54 | 18.07 ± 3.20 | 17.88 ± 3.15 | 0.535 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 14.7 (12.2–16.4) | |||
| Time since diagnosis (years) | 3.2 (0.9–5.2) | |||
| Ancestry (% African American)2 | 51.3 | 66.4 | 50.0 | 0.001 |
| Sex (% female)2 | 63.9 | 71.7 | 65.6 | 0.176 |
| Maturation stage, n (%)2* | <0.001 | |||
| Stage 1 | 7 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Stage 2 | 8 (3.4) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.7) | |
| Stage 3 | 31 (13.1) | 21 (9.4) | 16 (9.0) | |
| Stage 4 | 74 (31.2) | 34 (15.3) | 52 (29.2) | |
| Stage 5 | 117 (49.4) | 167 (74.9) | 106 (59.6) | |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Height (z score) | 0.14 ± 1.00 | 0.20 ± 1.11 | 0.39 ± 1.15 | 0.068 |
| Weight (z score)3 | 0.14 (−0.30 to 0.64) | 2.33 (2.01–2.64)a | 2.26 (1.78–2.70)a | <0.001 |
| BMI (z score)3 | 0.13 (−0.44 to 0.53) | 2.47 (1.81–3.18)a | 2.38 (1.59–3.18)a | <0.001 |
| DXA | ||||
| BMC (z score)3 | 0.22 (−0.38 to 0.61) | 1.08 (0.54–1.61)a | 1.01 (0.45–1.55)a | <0.001 |
| aBMD (z score) | 0.47 ± 0.87 | 0.87 ± 0.93a | 0.88 ± 1.02a | <0.001 |
| LBMI (z score) | −0.29 (−0.79 to 0.15) | 1.70 (1.32–2.09)a | 1.62 (0.97–2.15)a | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat (cm2)3 | 32.6 (23.4–42.5) | 97.1 (77.6–122.8)a | 112.5 (81.8–153.8)ab | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat (cm2)3 | 159.7 (84.7–213.4) | 565.7 (454.9–681.4)a | 533.3 (427.5–653.7)a | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 928.0 ± 455.1 | 762.7 ± 403.4a | 801.3 ± 419.1a | <0.001 |
| Calories (kcal/day) | 2,183 ± 836 | 2,029 ± 747a | 1,962 ± 736a | <0.001 |
| Biochemistries | ||||
| HbA1c (%)3 | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 5.5 (5.2–5.7)a | 6.9 (5.8–10.0)ab | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mIU/L)3 | 10.0 (8.3–13.2) | 18.2 (13.7–26.8)a | 20.6 (13.6–32.7)a | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)3 | 89.1 (85.1–93.3) | 91.3 (87.3–95.9)a | 116.8 (92.8–199.6)ab | <0.001 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 20.3 (13.9–26.7) | 12.4 (8.7–17.6)a | 13.0 (8.5–18.7)a | <0.001 |
| Medication use (% reported using) | ||||
| Metformin | 62.2% | |||
| Insulin | 51.2% |
Values are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise noted.
1
Tests of significance performed using ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc adjustment.
2
Test of significance performed using χ2 test.
3
Test of significance performed using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn test.
a
Significantly different than healthy weight group (P < 0.05).
b
Significantly different than obese group (P < 0.05).
*
n = 237 for healthy weight, n = 223 for obese, and n = 178 for type 2 diabetes.