Table 2.

Contribution (in percentage points) of the number of users and cost-per-user to the increase in glucose-lowering medication spending, 2005–2007 to 2015–2017

	Number of users	Cost-per-user	Combined effect*
Insulin	19	89	61
Human	−3	24	−8
Analog	36	40	80
Noninsulin	26	33	12
Metformin	13	−6	−4
Older noninsulin†	−10	−32	7
Newer noninsulin‡	28	9	51
Combinations§	−1	17	−2

^*Combined effect represents the interaction of the changes in number of users and cost-per-user.

^†Older noninsulin medications include sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and meglitinides.

^‡Newer noninsulin medications include DPP-4, amylin analog, GLP-1, and SGLT2.

^§A combination medication is a single pill with a fixed-dose combination of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients.