Table 3.

Changes in amount and proportion paid by different sources for the average annual cost-per-user

	2005–2007					2015–2017
	OOP	Medicare	Medicaid	Private insurance	Other	OOP	Medicare	Medicaid	Private insurance	Other
Amount (2017 US$)
All medication	347	236	98	357	68	249*	1,094*	223*	978*	183*
Insulin	342	232	112	324	80	364*	1,979*	445*	1,442*	332*
Human	215	98	52	90	53	187*	1,019*	136*	251	125*
Analog	392	347	159	563	87	382*	2,077*	503*	1,702*	367*
Noninsulin	290	197	76	306	53	145*	480*	81	561*	80*
Metformin	140	61	22	121	26	25*	71	20	110	13
Older noninsulin†	237	189	80	250	48	35*	81*	11*	61*	20*
Newer noninsulin‡	289	306	14	696	12	354*	1,418*	213*	1,507*	174*
Combinations§	229	128	59	226	30	332	652*	122	1,119*	246*
Proportion (%)
All medication	31.4	21.3	8.9	32.3	6.1	9.1*	39.9*	8.1*	35.6*	6.7*
Insulin	31.4	21.3	10.3	29.7	7.3	8.1*	43.8*	9.9*	31.9*	7.4*
Human	42.3	19.3	10.2	17.7	10.4	11.3*	61.5*	8.2*	15.1*	7.5
Analog	25.3	22.4	10.3	36.4	5.6	7.6	41.1*	10.0*	33.7*	7.3*
Noninsulin	31.5	21.4	8.2	33.2	5.7	10.7*	35.5*	6.0*	41.4*	5.9*
Metformin	37.8	16.5	5.9	32.7	7.0	10.6*	30.1*	8.5*	46.6*	5.5*
Older noninsulin	29.5	23.5	10.0	31.1	6.0	16.7*	38.6*	5.2*	29.0*	9.5*
Newer noninsulin	22.1	23.4	1.1	53.3	0.9	9.6*	38.4*	5.8*	40.9*	4.7*
Combinations	34.1	19.0	8.8	33.6	4.5	12.7*	25.0*	4.7*	42.9	9.4*

^*Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with 2005–2007.

^†Older noninsulin medications include sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and meglitinides.

^‡Newer noninsulin medications include DPP-4, amylin analog, GLP1, and SGLT2.

^§A combination medication is a single pill with a fixed-dose combination of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients.